cross section crash boxes

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experimental tensile stress-strain curves are shown together in Figure 7.3(b). Both models, as seen in Figure 7.3(b), adequately capture the elastic and plastic deformation regions of the experimental tensile stress-strain curve of 1050 H14 Al base material. The models cannot however correctly predict the stress values of the base material in the regions following the ultimate tensile strength, depicted in Figure 7.3(b). A ductile failure mode with the well known necking phenomenon is seen in the experimentally tested samples (Figure 7.3(a)). The shear plane cracking observed in experimental tensile test is however not observed in the simulations with both material models (Figure 7.3(a)). A similar observation was previously reported in the tensile testing simulation of a similar Al alloy (Lademo, et al. 2008). The deformation of crash boxes was however simulated in this thesis using Mat 3 card, as Mat 3 card uses shorter calculation times than Mat 24 card. (a) Figure 7.3. The deformation pictures of numerically tensile testes sample and fractured experimental tensile test sample and (b) experimental and numerical, Mat 3 and Mat 24, engineering stress–strain curves of 1050 H14 Al. (cont. on next page) 134
Figure 7.3. (cont.) (b) 7.3. Simulation of Empty and Partially Foam Filled Crash Box without Montage Parts The pictures of the deformation sequences of empty and partially Alulight foam filled 1050 H14 Al crash boxes without montage parts are shown in Figures 7.4-7.12. the simulated deformed shapes of empty and partially foam filled boxes are in good agreement with the experimental deformed shapes as shown in Figures 7.4-7.12. A quasi-inextensional deformation mode is observed in all numerically and experimentally crushed empty boxes (Figures 7.4, 7.8 and 7.11). As similar with the experiments, the numerical number of fold formation increases in partially foam filled boxes. Load and mean load-displacement curves of empty and F1 and F2 partially Alulight foam filled 1050 H14 Al crash boxes without montage parts are shown in Figures 7.13, 7.14 and 7.15, respectively. The experimental and numerical load and mean load-displacement curves essentially show good agreements in empty and filled 2 and 3 mm thick crash boxes (Figures 7.13(a) and (c), 7.14(a) and (c) and 7.15(a) and (c)), while the numerical mean load values of the 2.5 mm thick crash boxes are slightly higher than those of experiments (Figures 7.13(b), 7.14(b) and 7.15(b)). The weld seem opening is observed during the compression loading of few empty tubes as seen in Figure 7.8. However, no 135
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OPTIMIZATION OF THE AXIAL CRUSHING
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My PhD quest has b
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ÖZET KAPALI HÜCRELİ ALUMİNYUM K
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS ....
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CHAPTER 8 ALUMINUM CRASH BOX OPTIMI
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Figure 3.7. Simulations of the defo
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Figure 4.9. Dimensions of tensile t
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Figure 6.21. Sequential deformation
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Figure 7.20. Sequential deformation
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LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 4.1
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Figure 1. 1. The body in white stru
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Figure 1. 4. Commercial crash boxes
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CHAPTER 2 AL CLOSED CELL FOAMS: PRO
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The processing methods and mechanic
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Figure 2. 5 The preferred particle
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Figure 2. 8. Typical cellular struc
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Figure 2. 10. Manufacturing cost of
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Figure 2. 12. Laser assisted foamed
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Figure 2.16. Shear strength, normal
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Figure 2. 19. Yield strength vs. re
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Figure 2. 21. Unit cell geometry an
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Figure 2. 24. Load-displacement cur
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Figure 2. 26. The photographs of a
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CHAPTER 3 CRUSHING BEHAVIOR OF TUBU
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Figure 3.2. Diamond deformation mod
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deformation mode transition from ax
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Figure 3.8. Energy absorption of qu
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(a) (c) Figure 3.10. Deformation mo
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(a) (b) Figure 3.13. a) Schematic o
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.15. a) Load-di
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Figure 3.18. The crush terminology.
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The quasi-static compression behavi
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Figure 3.22. The variation of speci
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Figure 3.24. Deformation modes of e
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Figure 3.27. SEA values of empty an
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Figure 3.29. (cont.) 3.5. Motivatio
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 4.1.
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(a) (b) Figure 4.3.Pictures of a) f
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oxes are shown in Figure 4.6. The l
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Figure 4.7. The method of trigger m
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4.4. Compression Tests of Crash Box
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4.5.2. Uniaxial Compression Testing
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Table 4.1 (Cont.) G1 T3 F2 G1T3F2 3
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Table 4.2 (Cont.) G1 T2.5 WP F2 G1T
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CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATI
Page 105: considered in axial and transverse
Page 109 and 110: were constrained. Since the width o
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Page 118 and 119: great effect on the crushing behavi
Page 120: CHAPTER 6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 6.1.
Page 124 and 125: Figure 6.3.Tensile stress-strain cu
Page 126 and 127: (a) (b) Figure 6.5. Sequential defo
Page 128 and 129: plate (Figure 6(b)). The trigger is
Page 130 and 131: (a) (b) Figure 6.9. Deformation seq
Page 132 and 133: Figure 6.12. Sequential deformation
Page 138 and 139: Figure 6.18. (cont.) (c) (a) (b) Fi
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6.20.(cont.). (b) (c) 6.5.4.
Page 142 and 143: Figure 6.21.(cont.) (b) (c) 122
Page 144 and 145: Figure 6.22.(cont.) (c) Figure 6.23
Page 146 and 147: Figure 6.24.(Cont.) (b) (c) (a) Fig
Page 148 and 149: Figure 6.26.(cont.) (b) (c) 6.6. Dy
Page 150 and 151: Figure 6.27. (cont.) (b) (c) 130
Page 152 and 153: CHAPTER 7 MODELING RESULTS OF FOAM,
Page 156 and 157: significant effect of weld seem ope
Page 158 and 159: Figure 7.7. Deformation photo of fi
Page 160 and 161: Figure 7.11. Deformation photos of
Page 162 and 163: (a) (b) (c) Figure 7.14. Load-displ
Page 164 and 165: 7.4. Simulation of Empty and Partia
Page 166 and 167: Figure 7.16. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
Page 168 and 169: (a) (b) Figure 7.18. Sequential def
Page 170 and 171: Figure 7.19. (cont.) (b) (c) 150
Page 172 and 173: Figure 7.20. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
Page 178: (a) (b) Figure 7.26. Experimental a
Page 182 and 183: The constructed response surface of
Page 184: Table 8.1. R 2 , Radj 2 and RMSE va
Page 187 and 188: (a) (b) Figure 8.7. Response surfac
Page 189 and 190: an empty tube wall thickness higher
Page 192 and 193: where, K is a dimensionless constan
Page 194 and 195: The dynamic simulation and analytic
Page 196: Figure 9.4. (cont.) (c) (d) Figure
Page 199 and 200: Figure 9.6. (cont.) (c) (d) (a) Fig
Page 203 and 204: Equation 9.7 can also be rewritten
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(a) (b) Figure 9.10. Energy-absorbi
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Figure 9.11. (cont.) (d) The variat
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foam filling were evaluated. The re
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13. The interaction between foam fi
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Arora, J. S.,2004,Introduction to O
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Dannemann, K. A. and Lankford, J.,
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Hall, I. W., Guden, M. and Yu, C. J
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Kim, D-K. and Lee, S., 1999, Impact
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Mamalis, A. G., Manolakos, D. E., I
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Pugsley, A. G. and Macaulay, M., 19
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T. Miyoshi, M. Itoh S. Akiyama A. K
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Zhao, H., Elnasri, I. and Girard, Y
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