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CHAPTER 7 MODELING RESULTS OF FOAM, EMPTY AND AL FOAM FILLED CRASH BOX 7.1. Simulation Results of Al Foam Modeling The simulation stress-strain curves of honeycomb material model (Mat26) and Desphande and Fleck Foam model (Mat154) are shown in Figure 7.1 together with the experimental stress-strain curves of 0.11 and 0.15 relative dense Alulight Al foams. Both material models stress-strain curves show good agreements with the experimental stress-strain curves, proving that both material cards are capable of simulating the deformation of partially filled crash boxes. Because of its simplicity of the implementation, Mat 26 Honeycomb material card is selected for the simulations of filled crash boxes. The Deshpande and Fleck analytical foam model parameters determined in Chapter 6 are used to construct the stress-strain curves of Alulight foams at various densities. For comparison, the experimental and Mat 26 simulation compression stress-strain curves of Alulight foams at various relative densities are shown together in Figure 7.2. The experimental foam stress-strain curves at varying relative densities shown in the same figure are well matched with the simulated stress- strain curves. This further proves the capability of the analytic model developed in predicting correct material stress-strain data for the simulations. 132
Figure 7.1. Experimental and simulation compression stress-strain curves of Alulight Al foam with relative densities of 0.11 and 0.15. Figure 7.2. Experimental and Mat 26 Honeycomb foam model simulation compression stress-strain curves of Alulight Al foams at various relative densities. 7.2. Evaluation of the Material Models for 1050H14 Al Base Material Two materials models namely plastic-kinematic material card (Mat 3) and piecewise linear plasticity material code (Mat 24) are implemented in LS-DYNA program for the tensile testing of the base material (Figure 7.3(a)) . The simulated and 133
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OPTIMIZATION OF THE AXIAL CRUSHING
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My PhD quest has b
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ÖZET KAPALI HÜCRELİ ALUMİNYUM K
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS ....
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CHAPTER 8 ALUMINUM CRASH BOX OPTIMI
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Figure 3.7. Simulations of the defo
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Figure 4.9. Dimensions of tensile t
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Figure 6.21. Sequential deformation
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Figure 7.20. Sequential deformation
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LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 4.1
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Figure 1. 1. The body in white stru
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Figure 1. 4. Commercial crash boxes
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CHAPTER 2 AL CLOSED CELL FOAMS: PRO
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The processing methods and mechanic
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Figure 2. 5 The preferred particle
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Figure 2. 8. Typical cellular struc
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Figure 2. 10. Manufacturing cost of
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Figure 2. 12. Laser assisted foamed
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Figure 2.16. Shear strength, normal
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Figure 2. 19. Yield strength vs. re
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Figure 2. 21. Unit cell geometry an
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Figure 2. 24. Load-displacement cur
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Figure 2. 26. The photographs of a
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CHAPTER 3 CRUSHING BEHAVIOR OF TUBU
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Figure 3.2. Diamond deformation mod
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deformation mode transition from ax
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Figure 3.8. Energy absorption of qu
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(a) (c) Figure 3.10. Deformation mo
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(a) (b) Figure 3.13. a) Schematic o
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.15. a) Load-di
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Figure 3.18. The crush terminology.
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The quasi-static compression behavi
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Figure 3.22. The variation of speci
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Figure 3.24. Deformation modes of e
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Figure 3.27. SEA values of empty an
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Figure 3.29. (cont.) 3.5. Motivatio
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 4.1.
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(a) (b) Figure 4.3.Pictures of a) f
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oxes are shown in Figure 4.6. The l
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Figure 4.7. The method of trigger m
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4.4. Compression Tests of Crash Box
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4.5.2. Uniaxial Compression Testing
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Table 4.1 (Cont.) G1 T3 F2 G1T3F2 3
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Table 4.2 (Cont.) G1 T2.5 WP F2 G1T
Page 101: CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATI
Page 105: considered in axial and transverse
Page 109 and 110: were constrained. Since the width o
Page 116 and 117: 5.4. The Crashworthiness Optimizati
Page 118 and 119: great effect on the crushing behavi
Page 120: CHAPTER 6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 6.1.
Page 124 and 125: Figure 6.3.Tensile stress-strain cu
Page 126 and 127: (a) (b) Figure 6.5. Sequential defo
Page 128 and 129: plate (Figure 6(b)). The trigger is
Page 130 and 131: (a) (b) Figure 6.9. Deformation seq
Page 132 and 133: Figure 6.12. Sequential deformation
Page 138 and 139: Figure 6.18. (cont.) (c) (a) (b) Fi
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6.20.(cont.). (b) (c) 6.5.4.
Page 142 and 143: Figure 6.21.(cont.) (b) (c) 122
Page 144 and 145: Figure 6.22.(cont.) (c) Figure 6.23
Page 146 and 147: Figure 6.24.(Cont.) (b) (c) (a) Fig
Page 148 and 149: Figure 6.26.(cont.) (b) (c) 6.6. Dy
Page 150 and 151: Figure 6.27. (cont.) (b) (c) 130
Page 154 and 155: experimental tensile stress-strain
Page 156 and 157: significant effect of weld seem ope
Page 158 and 159: Figure 7.7. Deformation photo of fi
Page 160 and 161: Figure 7.11. Deformation photos of
Page 162 and 163: (a) (b) (c) Figure 7.14. Load-displ
Page 164 and 165: 7.4. Simulation of Empty and Partia
Page 166 and 167: Figure 7.16. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
Page 168 and 169: (a) (b) Figure 7.18. Sequential def
Page 170 and 171: Figure 7.19. (cont.) (b) (c) 150
Page 172 and 173: Figure 7.20. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
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Page 182 and 183: The constructed response surface of
Page 184: Table 8.1. R 2 , Radj 2 and RMSE va
Page 187 and 188: (a) (b) Figure 8.7. Response surfac
Page 189 and 190: an empty tube wall thickness higher
Page 192 and 193: where, K is a dimensionless constan
Page 194 and 195: The dynamic simulation and analytic
Page 196: Figure 9.4. (cont.) (c) (d) Figure
Page 199 and 200: Figure 9.6. (cont.) (c) (d) (a) Fig
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Equation 9.7 can also be rewritten
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(a) (b) Figure 9.10. Energy-absorbi
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Figure 9.11. (cont.) (d) The variat
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foam filling were evaluated. The re
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13. The interaction between foam fi
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Arora, J. S.,2004,Introduction to O
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Dannemann, K. A. and Lankford, J.,
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Hall, I. W., Guden, M. and Yu, C. J
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Kim, D-K. and Lee, S., 1999, Impact
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Mamalis, A. G., Manolakos, D. E., I
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Pugsley, A. G. and Macaulay, M., 19
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T. Miyoshi, M. Itoh S. Akiyama A. K
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Zhao, H., Elnasri, I. and Girard, Y
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