cross section crash boxes

Figure 4.9. Dimensions of tensile test sample and welded and unwelded tensile
test specimens. ............................................................................................ 72
Figure 4.10. Commercially available crash boxes of a) aluminum and b) steel. ............ 73
Figure 4.11. Compression testing of crash box without trigger mechanism and
montage part. .............................................................................................. 74
Figure 4.12. Original crash box compression testing a) without and b) with
corrugation section. .................................................................................... 75
Figure 4.13. Compression testing of crash box with trigger mechanism. ...................... 76
Figure 4.14. Uniaxial compression testing of empty and partially foam filled
crash box with montage plates. .................................................................. 78
Figure 4.15. a) Fractovis Plus drop-weight test system, b) drawing of the
designed test apparatus and c) the pictures of the test sample and the
sample fixture in the drop weight test. ....................................................... 80
Figure 5.1. Elastic-plastic behavior with isotropic and kinematic hardening, l0
and l are initial and final length of the tension specimen,
respectively. ................................................................................................ 82
Figure 5.2. Effective plastic stress-stain curve. ............................................................ 84
Figure 5.3. Schematic of the honeycomb structure and tension, compression
and shear behavior. ..................................................................................... 85
Figure 5.4. The model of a) crash box without montage plates and b) crash box
with montage plates. ................................................................................... 89
Figure 5.5. Contact algorithms used in crash box modeling a) without and b)
with montage plates. ................................................................................... 90
Figure 5.6. The mesh of sampling points of RSM optimization. ................................. 99
Figure 6.1. (a) Compression stress-stain curves and (b) plateau stress vs.
relative density of Al foam and. ............................................................... 101
Figure 6.2. Experimental and foam model stress-strain curves of Alulight
foams. ....................................................................................................... 103
Figure 6.3. Tensile stress-strain curves of 1050H14 Al sheet material. ..................... 104
Figure 6.4. (a) Tensile stress-strain curve of the welded 1050H14 Al and (b) the
picture of a fractured welded Al specimen showing the failure in the
heat affected zone. .................................................................................... 105
Figure 6.5. Sequential deformation pictures of (a) Al crash box (Renault) and
(b) steel crash box (Honda). ..................................................................... 106
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