cross section crash boxes

Figure 3.23. Experiment and coupled FEM/SPH simulation of the deformed
shapes of bitubular polystyrene foam filling arrangements, filling
only between two tubes (BPH) and filling the inner hole with
polystyrene foam (BPE).. ........................................................................... 58
Figure 3.24. Deformation modes of empty and foam filled monotubal and
bitubal square sections. .............................................................................. 59
Figure 3.25. The variation of SEA values of steel conical tubes with wall
thickness at three different semi apical angle (θ) and with three
different foam filler density. ....................................................................... 59
Figure 3.26. The simulated collapse modes of (a) hollow ,(b) foam-filled (0.103
g cm -3 ), (c) 2x2 multi-cell, (d) foam-filled hollow (0.206 g cm -3 )
(left: cut-open view right: general view) and (e) 3x3 multi-cell
column (left: front view right: general view). ............................................ 60
Figure 3.27. SEA values of empty and foam filled single, double and triplecell
square Al sections ...................................................................................... 61
Figure 3.28. The variation of the energy-absorbing effectiveness factor of
6060T4 Al circular tube with Al foam filler density: o: t=1.40-1.42
mm, : t=1.97-2.01 mm, : t=2.35-2.46 mm ............................................ 62
Figure 3.29. a) Aluminum foam filled single and double hat sections with
various filler lengths and b) the variation of SEA values with foam
filler length. ................................................................................................ 62
Figure 4.1. As-received Alulight Al foam panels. ........................................................ 66
Figure 4.2. a) Aluminum foam panel cutting and b) the removed dense sections........ 66
Figure 4.3. Pictures of a) foam compression test samples and b) foam sample
between compression test platens. ............................................................. 67
Figure 4.4. Crash box structure and crash zone. ........................................................... 68
Figure 4.5. The processing stages of the tested crash boxes. ....................................... 68
Figure 4.6. Technical drawings of the tested crash boxes. ........................................... 70
Figure 4.7. The method of trigger mechanism formation on the outer surfaces
of the boxes. ............................................................................................... 71
Figure 4.8. a) Experimental crash box specimens with and without montage
plate and b) cross section view of the boxes of three different wall
thicknesses. ................................................................................................. 71
xiii