cross section crash boxes

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Figure 6.3.Tensile stress-strain curves of 1050H14 Al sheet material. Table 6.3. Tensile mechanical properties of 1050H14 Al. Direction Young Modulus E (GPa) Tangent Modulus Et (MPa) Yield Strength 0.2 (MPa) Ultimate Strength u (MPa) Failure Strain (%) Parallel 70 147 105 110 8.4 Perpendicular 70 117 117 123 7 6.3. Tension Test of Welded 1050H14 Al Base Crash Box Material The stress-strain curve of welded 1050H14 Al sample is shown in Figure 6.4(a) together with that of Al sample without welding for comparison. As is seen in Figure 6.4(a), the failure strain of the welded sample is relatively low, 3%. The yield strength (0.2) and ultimate strength of the welded sample are 70 MPa and 82 MPa, respectively. 104
Figure 6.4(b) shows the picture of a fractured welded Al sample in tension. The sample fractures in the heat affected zone as shown in Figure 6.4(b). (a) (b) Figure 6.4. (a) Tensile stress-strain curve of the welded 1050H14 Al and (b) the picture of a fractured welded Al specimen showing the failure in the heat affected zone. 6.4. Compression Testing of Commercial Crash Boxes Figures 6.5 (a) and (b) are the deformation pictures of commercial Al and steel crash boxes at different displacements, respectively. In Al crash box, two folds form until 80 mm displacement (Figure 6.5(a)). However, in steel crash box only one fold forms until about the same displacement. The initial peak load values of both crash boxes are above 100 kN, and steel crash box shows slightly higher initial peak load values than Al crash box (110 kN) (Figure 6.6(a)). The mean load values at 50% deformation are 52 kN and 62 kN for Al and steel crash box, respectively. The SAE value of Al crash box is however higher than that of steel box, 13.1 kJ kg -1 for Al steel box and 5.2 kJ kg -1 for steel crash box at 50% deformation (Figure 6.6(b)). 105
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OPTIMIZATION OF THE AXIAL CRUSHING
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My PhD quest has b
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ÖZET KAPALI HÜCRELİ ALUMİNYUM K
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS ....
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CHAPTER 8 ALUMINUM CRASH BOX OPTIMI
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Figure 3.7. Simulations of the defo
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Figure 4.9. Dimensions of tensile t
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Figure 6.21. Sequential deformation
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Figure 7.20. Sequential deformation
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LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 4.1
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Figure 1. 1. The body in white stru
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Figure 1. 4. Commercial crash boxes
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CHAPTER 2 AL CLOSED CELL FOAMS: PRO
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The processing methods and mechanic
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Figure 2. 5 The preferred particle
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Figure 2. 8. Typical cellular struc
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Figure 2. 10. Manufacturing cost of
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Figure 2. 12. Laser assisted foamed
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Figure 2.16. Shear strength, normal
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Figure 2. 19. Yield strength vs. re
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Figure 2. 21. Unit cell geometry an
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Figure 2. 24. Load-displacement cur
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Figure 2. 26. The photographs of a
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CHAPTER 3 CRUSHING BEHAVIOR OF TUBU
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Figure 3.2. Diamond deformation mod
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deformation mode transition from ax
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Figure 3.8. Energy absorption of qu
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(a) (c) Figure 3.10. Deformation mo
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(a) (b) Figure 3.13. a) Schematic o
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.15. a) Load-di
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Figure 3.18. The crush terminology.
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Page 77 and 78: Figure 3.22. The variation of speci
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.24. Deformation modes of e
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.27. SEA values of empty an
Page 83 and 84: Figure 3.29. (cont.) 3.5. Motivatio
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Page 87 and 88: (a) (b) Figure 4.3.Pictures of a) f
Page 89 and 90: oxes are shown in Figure 4.6. The l
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.7. The method of trigger m
Page 93 and 94: 4.4. Compression Tests of Crash Box
Page 95 and 96: 4.5.2. Uniaxial Compression Testing
Page 97 and 98: Table 4.1 (Cont.) G1 T3 F2 G1T3F2 3
Page 99 and 100: Table 4.2 (Cont.) G1 T2.5 WP F2 G1T
Page 101: CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATI
Page 105: considered in axial and transverse
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Page 120: CHAPTER 6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 6.1.
Page 126 and 127: (a) (b) Figure 6.5. Sequential defo
Page 128 and 129: plate (Figure 6(b)). The trigger is
Page 130 and 131: (a) (b) Figure 6.9. Deformation seq
Page 132 and 133: Figure 6.12. Sequential deformation
Page 138 and 139: Figure 6.18. (cont.) (c) (a) (b) Fi
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6.20.(cont.). (b) (c) 6.5.4.
Page 142 and 143: Figure 6.21.(cont.) (b) (c) 122
Page 144 and 145: Figure 6.22.(cont.) (c) Figure 6.23
Page 146 and 147: Figure 6.24.(Cont.) (b) (c) (a) Fig
Page 148 and 149: Figure 6.26.(cont.) (b) (c) 6.6. Dy
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Page 152 and 153: CHAPTER 7 MODELING RESULTS OF FOAM,
Page 154 and 155: experimental tensile stress-strain
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Page 158 and 159: Figure 7.7. Deformation photo of fi
Page 160 and 161: Figure 7.11. Deformation photos of
Page 162 and 163: (a) (b) (c) Figure 7.14. Load-displ
Page 164 and 165: 7.4. Simulation of Empty and Partia
Page 166 and 167: Figure 7.16. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 7.22. Load-displ
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 7.24. Load-displ
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(a) (b) Figure 7.26. Experimental a
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The constructed response surface of
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Table 8.1. R 2 , Radj 2 and RMSE va
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(a) (b) Figure 8.7. Response surfac
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an empty tube wall thickness higher
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where, K is a dimensionless constan
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The dynamic simulation and analytic
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Figure 9.4. (cont.) (c) (d) Figure
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Figure 9.6. (cont.) (c) (d) (a) Fig
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Equation 9.7 can also be rewritten
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(a) (b) Figure 9.10. Energy-absorbi
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Figure 9.11. (cont.) (d) The variat
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foam filling were evaluated. The re
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13. The interaction between foam fi
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Arora, J. S.,2004,Introduction to O
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Dannemann, K. A. and Lankford, J.,
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Hall, I. W., Guden, M. and Yu, C. J
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Kim, D-K. and Lee, S., 1999, Impact
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Mamalis, A. G., Manolakos, D. E., I
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Pugsley, A. G. and Macaulay, M., 19
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T. Miyoshi, M. Itoh S. Akiyama A. K
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Zhao, H., Elnasri, I. and Girard, Y
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