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Figure 6.2. Experimental and foam model stress-strain curves of Alulight foams. 6.2. Tension Test of 1050H14 Al Crash Box Base Material Typical tensile stress-strain curves of 1050H14 Al sheet metal, parallel and perpendicular to the extrusion direction are shown in Figure 6.3. The material shows slightly higher flow stress and lower ductility in the perpendicular to extrusion direction than in the parallel to extrusion direction. Tensile mechanical properties of the tested 1050H14 sheet Al material for both directions are further listed in Table 6.3. 103
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OPTIMIZATION OF THE AXIAL CRUSHING
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My PhD quest has b
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ÖZET KAPALI HÜCRELİ ALUMİNYUM K
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS ....
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CHAPTER 8 ALUMINUM CRASH BOX OPTIMI
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Figure 3.7. Simulations of the defo
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Figure 4.9. Dimensions of tensile t
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Figure 6.21. Sequential deformation
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Figure 7.20. Sequential deformation
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LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 4.1
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Figure 1. 1. The body in white stru
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Figure 1. 4. Commercial crash boxes
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CHAPTER 2 AL CLOSED CELL FOAMS: PRO
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The processing methods and mechanic
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Figure 2. 5 The preferred particle
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Figure 2. 8. Typical cellular struc
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Figure 2. 10. Manufacturing cost of
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Figure 2. 12. Laser assisted foamed
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Figure 2.16. Shear strength, normal
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Figure 2. 19. Yield strength vs. re
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Figure 2. 21. Unit cell geometry an
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Figure 2. 24. Load-displacement cur
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Figure 2. 26. The photographs of a
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CHAPTER 3 CRUSHING BEHAVIOR OF TUBU
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Figure 3.2. Diamond deformation mod
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deformation mode transition from ax
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Figure 3.8. Energy absorption of qu
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(a) (c) Figure 3.10. Deformation mo
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(a) (b) Figure 3.13. a) Schematic o
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.15. a) Load-di
Page 72 and 73: Figure 3.18. The crush terminology.
Page 75 and 76: The quasi-static compression behavi
Page 77 and 78: Figure 3.22. The variation of speci
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.24. Deformation modes of e
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.27. SEA values of empty an
Page 83 and 84: Figure 3.29. (cont.) 3.5. Motivatio
Page 85 and 86: CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 4.1.
Page 87 and 88: (a) (b) Figure 4.3.Pictures of a) f
Page 89 and 90: oxes are shown in Figure 4.6. The l
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.7. The method of trigger m
Page 93 and 94: 4.4. Compression Tests of Crash Box
Page 95 and 96: 4.5.2. Uniaxial Compression Testing
Page 97 and 98: Table 4.1 (Cont.) G1 T3 F2 G1T3F2 3
Page 99 and 100: Table 4.2 (Cont.) G1 T2.5 WP F2 G1T
Page 101: CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATI
Page 105: considered in axial and transverse
Page 109 and 110: were constrained. Since the width o
Page 116 and 117: 5.4. The Crashworthiness Optimizati
Page 118 and 119: great effect on the crushing behavi
Page 120: CHAPTER 6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 6.1.
Page 125 and 126: Figure 6.4(b) shows the picture of
Page 127 and 128: Figure 6.6.(Cont) (b) 6.5. Quasi-st
Page 129 and 130: Figure 6.8. Load-displacement and m
Page 131 and 132: fixing part on the mean load values
Page 133 and 134: Figure 6.13. Sequential deformation
Page 137 and 138: deformation in both geometries, Fig
Page 139 and 140: Figure 6.19.(cont.) (c) (a) Figure
Page 141 and 142: crash boxes, totally two folds form
Page 143 and 144: (a) (b) Figure 6.22. Sequential def
Page 145 and 146: Load-displacement and mean load-dis
Page 147 and 148: Figure 6.25.(cont.) (b) (c) (a) Fig
Page 149 and 150: displacement curve of empty tube is
Page 151 and 152: Table 6.4. Initial peak and mean lo
Page 153 and 154: Figure 7.1. Experimental and simula
Page 155 and 156: Figure 7.3. (cont.) (b) 7.3. Simula
Page 161 and 162: (a) (b) (c) Figure 7.13. Load-displ
Page 163 and 164: (a) (b) (c) Figure 7.15. Load-displ
Page 165 and 166: (b) Figure 7.16. Sequential deforma
Page 167 and 168: Figure 7.17. (cont.) (b) (c) 147
Page 169 and 170: Figure 7.18. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
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(a) (b) Figure 7.20. Sequential def
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Figure 7.21.(cont.) (b) (c) 153
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 7.23. Load-displ
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7.5. Dynamic Testing of Empty and A
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(b) Figure 8.1. Load-displacement c
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Figure 8.3. (cont.) (b) (a) (b) Fig
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oxes experience higher mean load an
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foam relative density of filled box
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Figure 8.8. (cont.) (b) 170
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Figure 9.1. (cont.) (c) (d) (a) (b)
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9.2. Stroke Efficiency of Crash Box
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foam filled boxes increase with inc
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Figure 9.7.(cont.) 9.4. Total Effic
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and Ψ ′ = GV 0 2 2σ0AL εr (9.1
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Figure 9.11. SEA vs. relative densi
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CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSIONS The present
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same. The deformation patterns of d
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REFERENCES Abedrabbo, N., Mayer, R.
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Bonaccorsi, L. and Proverbio, E., 2
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EPA -United States of America Envir
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Hou, S., Li, Q., Long, S., Yang, X.
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Lopatnikov, S. L., Gama, B. A. and
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Miyoshi, T., Itoh, M., Mukai, T., K
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Seitzberger, M., Rammerstorfer, F.,
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Wen, C. E., Yamada, Y., Shimojima,
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Education VITA Ahmet Kaan TOKSOY (1
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