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CHAPTER 6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 6.1. Uniaxial Compression Behavior of Alulight Closed-Cell Al Foam Materials Engineering compression stress-strain curves of Alulight closed-cell Al foams of varying relative densities are shown in Figure 6.1(a). As is seen in Figure 6.1(a), the compression stress is function of relative density: increasing foam relative density increases foam stresses. The compression curves in the same figure essentially show the characteristics of the foam/cellular metal compression deformation behavior. In compression testing, the initial elastic region is followed by a plateau region in which the stress values slightly increase with increasing strain and a densification region after which the stress values increase sharply. The plateau stress values of the foams are determined by drawing a straight line to the stress values until about 0.1 strain. The intercept of the fitted-line on the stress axis is taken as the plateau stress. Figure 6.1(b) shows the variation of plateau stress with foam relative density. In this graph, each datum point represents the average plateau stress values of three repetitive compression tests on the foams of the same relative densities. The plateau stress in Figure 6.1(a) is further fitted with the power law strengthening equation. The foam strength model developed by Desphande and Fleck (Deshpande and Fleck 2000b, Reyes, et al. 2003) is used to determine the stress-strain behavior of the investigated Alulight Al foam. Desphande and Fleck foam model is given by the following equation, 100
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OPTIMIZATION OF THE AXIAL CRUSHING
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My PhD quest has b
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ÖZET KAPALI HÜCRELİ ALUMİNYUM K
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS ....
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CHAPTER 8 ALUMINUM CRASH BOX OPTIMI
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Figure 3.7. Simulations of the defo
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Figure 4.9. Dimensions of tensile t
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Figure 6.21. Sequential deformation
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Figure 7.20. Sequential deformation
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LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 4.1
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Figure 1. 1. The body in white stru
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Figure 1. 4. Commercial crash boxes
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CHAPTER 2 AL CLOSED CELL FOAMS: PRO
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The processing methods and mechanic
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Figure 2. 5 The preferred particle
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Figure 2. 8. Typical cellular struc
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Figure 2. 10. Manufacturing cost of
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Figure 2. 12. Laser assisted foamed
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Figure 2.16. Shear strength, normal
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Figure 2. 19. Yield strength vs. re
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Figure 2. 21. Unit cell geometry an
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Figure 2. 24. Load-displacement cur
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Figure 2. 26. The photographs of a
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CHAPTER 3 CRUSHING BEHAVIOR OF TUBU
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Figure 3.2. Diamond deformation mod
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deformation mode transition from ax
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Figure 3.8. Energy absorption of qu
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(a) (c) Figure 3.10. Deformation mo
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(a) (b) Figure 3.13. a) Schematic o
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.15. a) Load-di
Page 72 and 73: Figure 3.18. The crush terminology.
Page 75 and 76: The quasi-static compression behavi
Page 77 and 78: Figure 3.22. The variation of speci
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.24. Deformation modes of e
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.27. SEA values of empty an
Page 83 and 84: Figure 3.29. (cont.) 3.5. Motivatio
Page 85 and 86: CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 4.1.
Page 87 and 88: (a) (b) Figure 4.3.Pictures of a) f
Page 89 and 90: oxes are shown in Figure 4.6. The l
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.7. The method of trigger m
Page 93 and 94: 4.4. Compression Tests of Crash Box
Page 95 and 96: 4.5.2. Uniaxial Compression Testing
Page 97 and 98: Table 4.1 (Cont.) G1 T3 F2 G1T3F2 3
Page 99 and 100: Table 4.2 (Cont.) G1 T2.5 WP F2 G1T
Page 101: CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATI
Page 105: considered in axial and transverse
Page 109 and 110: were constrained. Since the width o
Page 116 and 117: 5.4. The Crashworthiness Optimizati
Page 118 and 119: great effect on the crushing behavi
Page 123 and 124: Figure 6.2. Experimental and foam m
Page 125 and 126: Figure 6.4(b) shows the picture of
Page 127 and 128: Figure 6.6.(Cont) (b) 6.5. Quasi-st
Page 129 and 130: Figure 6.8. Load-displacement and m
Page 131 and 132: fixing part on the mean load values
Page 133 and 134: Figure 6.13. Sequential deformation
Page 137 and 138: deformation in both geometries, Fig
Page 139 and 140: Figure 6.19.(cont.) (c) (a) Figure
Page 141 and 142: crash boxes, totally two folds form
Page 143 and 144: (a) (b) Figure 6.22. Sequential def
Page 145 and 146: Load-displacement and mean load-dis
Page 147 and 148: Figure 6.25.(cont.) (b) (c) (a) Fig
Page 149 and 150: displacement curve of empty tube is
Page 151 and 152: Table 6.4. Initial peak and mean lo
Page 153 and 154: Figure 7.1. Experimental and simula
Page 155 and 156: Figure 7.3. (cont.) (b) 7.3. Simula
Page 161 and 162: (a) (b) (c) Figure 7.13. Load-displ
Page 163 and 164: (a) (b) (c) Figure 7.15. Load-displ
Page 165 and 166: (b) Figure 7.16. Sequential deforma
Page 167 and 168: Figure 7.17. (cont.) (b) (c) 147
Page 169 and 170: Figure 7.18. (cont.) (c) (a) Figure
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(a) (b) Figure 7.20. Sequential def
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Figure 7.21.(cont.) (b) (c) 153
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 7.23. Load-displ
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7.5. Dynamic Testing of Empty and A
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(b) Figure 8.1. Load-displacement c
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Figure 8.3. (cont.) (b) (a) (b) Fig
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oxes experience higher mean load an
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foam relative density of filled box
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Figure 8.8. (cont.) (b) 170
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Figure 9.1. (cont.) (c) (d) (a) (b)
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9.2. Stroke Efficiency of Crash Box
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foam filled boxes increase with inc
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Figure 9.7.(cont.) 9.4. Total Effic
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and Ψ ′ = GV 0 2 2σ0AL εr (9.1
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Figure 9.11. SEA vs. relative densi
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CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSIONS The present
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same. The deformation patterns of d
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REFERENCES Abedrabbo, N., Mayer, R.
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Bonaccorsi, L. and Proverbio, E., 2
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EPA -United States of America Envir
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Hou, S., Li, Q., Long, S., Yang, X.
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Lopatnikov, S. L., Gama, B. A. and
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Miyoshi, T., Itoh, M., Mukai, T., K
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Seitzberger, M., Rammerstorfer, F.,
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Wen, C. E., Yamada, Y., Shimojima,
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Education VITA Ahmet Kaan TOKSOY (1
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