cross section crash boxes
cross section crash boxes
cross section crash boxes
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Figure 3.7. Simulations of the deformation mode of circular tubes with<br />
circumferential imperfections; a/t ratios a) 5%, b)10%, c)50% and<br />
d)100%. ...................................................................................................... 38<br />
Figure 3.8. Energy absorption of quasi-statically loaded of stainless steel, mild<br />
steel and Al alloy tubes, L=250 mm. ......................................................... 39<br />
Figure 3.9. a) Experimental and b) numerical deformation behavior of circular<br />
tubes with 6 grooves and comparison of load-deformation graphs of<br />
circular tubes with c) non-grooved, 3,4 and 6 grooves, d) 12 and 18<br />
grooves. ...................................................................................................... 40<br />
Figure 3.10. Deformation mode of a) concertina and diamond b) with 3<br />
circumferential waves and c) 4 circumferential waves,. ............................ 41<br />
Figure 3.11. Axial progressive collapse of square <strong>cross</strong>-<strong>section</strong> tubes, a)<br />
inextensional and b) extensional mode. ..................................................... 42<br />
Figure 3.12. Folding in square tubes of ASTM A36, A513, AISI 316 and 304 ............ 44<br />
Figure 3.13. a) Schematic of the buckling initiator and b) experimental and<br />
simulation deformation of the tube with and without buckling<br />
initiator. ...................................................................................................... 45<br />
Figure 3.14. Deformed shape of 1T1L and 2l2T steel-CFRP square tubes. ................... 46<br />
Figure 3.15. a) Load-displacement curve, b) absorbed energy-displacement<br />
curves and c) simulation and experimental deformed shapes of<br />
6060T5 Al square tubes. ............................................................................. 47<br />
Figure 3.16. (a) Transition from progressive to global buckling in 6060T6 Al<br />
square tubes and b) typical force vs. time history ...................................... 48<br />
Figure 3.17. SEA vs. column mass for filled and wall thickened Al tubes. ................... 50<br />
Figure 3.18. The crush terminology. .............................................................................. 52<br />
Figure 3.19. Deformation load -drop hammer displacement curves of a single<br />
and complete bumper system ..................................................................... 53<br />
Figure 3.20. Deformation pattern of foam-filled square tube, a) experiment and<br />
b) simulation (Source: Santosa, et al. 2000). .............................................. 54<br />
Figure 3.21. Comparison between simulation and experimental deformation<br />
modes and mean loads of polymer foam filled tubes. ............................... 56<br />
Figure 3.22. The variation of specific absorbed energy with loading angle in an<br />
empty and foam filled Al tube. ................................................................... 57<br />
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