cross section crash boxes
cross section crash boxes
cross section crash boxes
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imposed was a constant prismatic <strong>cross</strong>-<strong>section</strong> and resulted in a 91% increase in the<br />
energy absorption at an impact velocity of 48 km h -1 .<br />
The minimum weight optimization of an Al foam filled S-Frame was carried out<br />
using an analytical energy absorption equation as an objective function (Kim, et al.<br />
2002). The optimized variables, the thickness and <strong>cross</strong>-<strong>section</strong> length of the frame and<br />
the foam relative density, were validated with the finite element simulations. The<br />
simulation and optimization results showed 5% difference. Zarei and Köreger (Zarei<br />
and Kröger 2008b) worked on the optimization of Alporas Al foam-filled Al tubes to<br />
maximize SEA for the crush box applications by taking the width of <strong>cross</strong>-<strong>section</strong> and<br />
foam density as independent variables. The optimum parameters of empty square Al<br />
tubes were determined under the maximum mean load constraint of 68.5 kN.<br />
Equivalent SEA values of the optimized empty square tubes were compared with those<br />
of the optimized foam filled Al tube. Approximately, 20% increase in SEA values was<br />
found after the optimization in foam filled tubes. A similar optimization study was<br />
conducted on Al honeycomb filled Al square tubular structures (Zarei and Kröger<br />
2008c). With respect to empty counterpart, 14.3% increase in SEA values were found in<br />
filled tube. Zhang et al.(Zhang, et al. 2008) performed an optimization study on the<br />
honeycomb filled bitubular hexagonal columns using Chebyshev’s orthogonal<br />
polynomial as objective function with the independent variables of inner side length and<br />
the thickness of inner and outer wall. With the maximized average mean load, 40%<br />
increase in SEA values was found in the optimized bitubal honeycomb filled Al tubes.<br />
Single and weighted arithmetic and geometrical average methods of multi objective<br />
optimization were implemented to foam filled thin-wall structures (Hou, et al. 2009).<br />
The applied Pareto analysis showed that geometrical average method was more<br />
effective than arithmetic average method in multi objective optimization of foam filled<br />
thin-wall structures. The bending properties of Alporas Al foam filled square tubular<br />
structures were optimized by Zarei and Kröger (Zarei and Kröger 2008a). Agreements<br />
between experimental and numerical results were found under the prescribed constraints<br />
and 28.1% increase in SEA values was found in foam filled tubular structures. Square<br />
tapered mild steel tubes were optimized in terms of tube thickness and width and taper<br />
angle (Liu 2008b). Full factorial design with 27 sampling points and second order<br />
objective functions were implemented using RSM. It was shown that taper angle had a<br />
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