cross section crash boxes

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure 1. 1. The body in white structure of Super Light Car, with approximately
32% reduction in weight. ............................................................................. 2
Figure 1. 2. The probability of the collision occurrence in a passenger car. ................... 3
Figure 1. 3. Bumper, crash box, engine and chassis positions in a 2009 model
Ford Mondeo. ............................................................................................... 3
Figure 1. 4. Commercial crash boxes in various geometries. .......................................... 4
Figure 2. 1. General application areas of metal foams. ................................................... 6
Figure 2. 2. Schematic representation of a) an open and b) an closed cell cellular
structure ....................................................................................................... .7
Figure 2. 3. The production methods of cellular metallic structures. ............................. 8
Figure 2. 4. Foaming melts by gas injection. ................................................................... 9
Figure 2. 5. The preferred particle volume fraction and particle size for the
stabilization of Al-SiC foam ...................................................................... 10
Figure 2. 6. Alporas foaming process. ........................................................................... 11
Figure 2. 7. Variation of viscosity with stirring time in Alporas foaming
process. ....................................................................................................... 11
Figure 2. 8. Typical cellular structure of Alporas foam................................................. 12
Figure 2. 9. Schematic of the foaming powder compact process. ................................. 13
Figure 2. 10. Manufacturing cost of three methods of Al foam processing based
on the production volume ........................................................................... 14
Figure 2. 11. (a) Schematic of foamable precursor preparation in ARB process
and (b) gradual dispersion of blowing agent particles in the rolling
cycles .......................................................................................................... 15
Figure 2. 12. Laser assisted foamed Al; (a) side cross-section of laser heating and
(b) foamed Al compacts: Laser: cw CO2. Processing parameters: P
= 5kW; Ar = 30 l/min; Processing speed (V) = (B-a): 2 m/min; (B-
b): 0.8 m/min; (B-c): 0.4 m/min ................................................................. 16
Figure 2. 13 Typical uniaxial compression stress-strain curve of a foam showing
the linear elastic, stress plateau and densification regions ......................... 17
x