Laboratory Studies on Bio-Enzyme Stabilized Lateritic Soil ... - pmgsy
Laboratory Studies on Bio-Enzyme Stabilized Lateritic Soil ... - pmgsy
Laboratory Studies on Bio-Enzyme Stabilized Lateritic Soil ... - pmgsy
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<str<strong>on</strong>g>Laboratory</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Studies</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Bio</strong>-<strong>Enzyme</strong> <strong>Bio</strong> <strong>Enzyme</strong> <strong>Stabilized</strong><br />
<strong>Lateritic</strong> <strong>Soil</strong> as a Highway Material<br />
Dr. I.R.Mithanthaya Dr. A.U.Ravishankar<br />
Professor Professor & Head<br />
Dept. of Civil Engineering Dept. of Civil Engineering<br />
NMAMAIT, Nitte . NITK-Surathkal.<br />
Lekha B.M<br />
Research Scholar<br />
Dept. of Civil Engineering<br />
NITK-Surathkal.
C<strong>on</strong>tents<br />
• Introducti<strong>on</strong><br />
• Objectives of the study<br />
• Literature survey<br />
• Experimental Investigati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
• Fatigue Analysis<br />
• Field Study<br />
• C<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
• References
STABILIZATION MECHANISMS.<br />
MECHANISMS<br />
• Mechanical stabilizati<strong>on</strong>, whereby the stability<br />
of the soil is increased by blending the<br />
available soil with imported soil or aggregate,<br />
so as to obtain a desired particle-size<br />
distributi<strong>on</strong>,<br />
• Mixing or injecting additives such as lime,<br />
Cement, sodium silicate, calcium chloride,<br />
bituminous materials and resinous materials<br />
with or in the soil can increase stability of the<br />
soil. Chemicals stabilizati<strong>on</strong> is the general term<br />
implying the use of chemicals for bringing<br />
about stabilizati<strong>on</strong>.
CHEMICAL STABILZATION<br />
• Mixing or injecting additives:<br />
• Two types<br />
Standard stabilizers :<br />
lime, Cement, sodium silicate, calcium chloride,<br />
bituminous materials and resinous materials.<br />
N<strong>on</strong> standard stabilizers:<br />
Sulf<strong>on</strong>ated Oils, Amm<strong>on</strong>ium Chloride, <strong>Enzyme</strong>s,<br />
Mineral Pitches and Acrylic Polymers.
Selecti<strong>on</strong> of stabilizer<br />
• Selecting the stabilizer type depends <strong>on</strong><br />
number of factors including:<br />
• 1. gradati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
• 2. plasticity index (PI),<br />
• 3. Availability and cost of the stabilizer and<br />
appropriate c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> equipment<br />
• 4. Its l<strong>on</strong>g term effect <strong>on</strong> strength etc.
C<strong>on</strong>cept of <strong>Enzyme</strong> <strong>Soil</strong> Stabilizati<strong>on</strong><br />
• Dem<strong>on</strong>strated by the termites and white Ants –<br />
Build the shelter by Ant Saliva- which are rock<br />
hard and stand firm despite of heavy rainy<br />
seas<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
• <strong>Enzyme</strong> –Natural , N<strong>on</strong> toxic , n<strong>on</strong> flammable,<br />
N<strong>on</strong> Corrosive liquid enzyme formulati<strong>on</strong><br />
fermented from vegetable extracts that<br />
improves the engineering properties of the soil.
Clay Particle –Water Water Relati<strong>on</strong><br />
• Behavior influenced by ability<br />
to absorb exchangeable cat<br />
i<strong>on</strong>s and the amount of water.<br />
– Negative charge <strong>on</strong> the<br />
surface of clay particles<br />
attracts positive (Hydrogen)<br />
end of water molecule.<br />
– Water molecules are arranged<br />
in a definite pattern-Adsorbed<br />
layer
Removal of absorbed water by enzyme<br />
• Absorbed water in the structure<br />
of soil<br />
• Eliminati<strong>on</strong> of absorbed water<br />
in he soil
Mechanism of <strong>Enzyme</strong> Stabilizati<strong>on</strong><br />
•<strong>Enzyme</strong> catalyze the reacti<strong>on</strong> between the clay and the organic cati<strong>on</strong>s and<br />
accelerate the cat i<strong>on</strong> exchange process to reduce the adsorbed layer<br />
thickness.<br />
<strong>Enzyme</strong> replaces adsorbed water with organic cati<strong>on</strong>s, thus neutralizing<br />
the negative charge <strong>on</strong> a clay particle.
Mechanism of <strong>Enzyme</strong> Stabilizati<strong>on</strong><br />
The organic cati<strong>on</strong>s also reduce the thickness of the<br />
electrical double layer. This allows enzyme treated soils to<br />
be compacted more tightly together.<br />
<strong>Enzyme</strong> promotes the development of cementatious compounds<br />
using the following, general reacti<strong>on</strong>:<br />
H2o + clay <strong>Enzyme</strong> Calcium Silicate Hydrates
Net Effect of <strong>Enzyme</strong><br />
• Film of adsorbed water is greatly reduced.<br />
• The soil particles acquire a tendency to<br />
agglomerate<br />
• As a result of relative movement , the soil<br />
get c<strong>on</strong>densed which in turn reduces the<br />
swelling capacity
Need for present Investigati<strong>on</strong><br />
• Recently developed technique.<br />
• Produced by number of private agencies<br />
• More attenti<strong>on</strong> is given in foreign countries<br />
• Rigorous technical investigati<strong>on</strong> is very<br />
essential<br />
• Unclear how these product will work and<br />
under what c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
• To better understand their potential value<br />
for road c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong>
Objectives of the Investigati<strong>on</strong><br />
• To study the change of geotechnical properties<br />
of the lateritic soil by stabilizing with enzyme.<br />
• Study of quantitative changes in CBR values of<br />
blended lateritic soil with different dosage of<br />
enzyme.<br />
• Study of fatigue behavior of enzyme stabilized<br />
lateritic soil.
Objectives of the Investigati<strong>on</strong> (C<strong>on</strong>tinued)<br />
(C<strong>on</strong>tinued<br />
• To evaluate the influence of various<br />
parameters such as dosage of enzyme,<br />
curing period, <strong>on</strong> stress level and<br />
frequency of stabilized soil subjected to<br />
repeated loading<br />
• Field experimental investigati<strong>on</strong> to study<br />
the performance of road c<strong>on</strong>structed using<br />
stabilized soil.
Materials Used<br />
• <strong>Lateritic</strong> soil<br />
• And <strong>on</strong>e commercially available enzyme
Lacuoture<br />
et al. 1995<br />
Hitam et al.<br />
1998<br />
Yusof et al.<br />
1998<br />
Brazetti et<br />
al. 2000<br />
Sant<strong>on</strong>i et<br />
al. 2001<br />
Literature Review<br />
Germany The reacti<strong>on</strong>s of the soils<br />
treated with the enzyme<br />
was observed and<br />
recorded and compared to<br />
the untreated samples<br />
Malesiya Road c<strong>on</strong>structed for a length<br />
of 27 Km using enzyme<br />
stabilized soil<br />
Brigham<br />
Young<br />
University<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Laboratory</str<strong>on</strong>g> experiments with<br />
two types of enzymes<br />
Thailand Field experiment with six difft.<br />
Types of soil mixture with<br />
pieces of recycled pavement<br />
USA Lab. experiments <strong>on</strong> two<br />
types of soil with two types of<br />
enzyme<br />
The variati<strong>on</strong> in properties<br />
was observed over a period<br />
six m<strong>on</strong>ths<br />
The secti<strong>on</strong>s were then<br />
m<strong>on</strong>itored for two rainy<br />
seas<strong>on</strong>s for erosi<strong>on</strong> due to<br />
rainwater and wear due to<br />
usage.<br />
Studied for variati<strong>on</strong> in<br />
strength and maintenance cost<br />
The field stretches were<br />
periodically tested with DCP to<br />
evaluate variati<strong>on</strong> in CBR<br />
Variati<strong>on</strong> in Unc<strong>on</strong>fined<br />
compressive strength was<br />
observed
(Andrew et<br />
al. 2002).<br />
(Isaac et al.<br />
2003).<br />
Manoj et al.<br />
2003).<br />
Mihai et al.<br />
2005<br />
Literature Review<br />
USA The objective was to<br />
study the potential<br />
applicability of tested<br />
enzyme for unpaved<br />
road in-situ<br />
stabilizati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
India 3 types of soil with<br />
varying clay c<strong>on</strong>tent<br />
from Kerala were tested<br />
India Six difft. Types of soil<br />
with varying clay c<strong>on</strong>tent<br />
India Practical applicati<strong>on</strong> for<br />
roads<br />
Evaluated <strong>on</strong> the basis of<br />
statistical measurement of<br />
change in CBR strength, soil<br />
stiffness and soil modulus<br />
Significant increase in CBR as<br />
curing period increases<br />
The field stretches were<br />
periodically tested with DCP<br />
(Dynamic C<strong>on</strong>e Penetrometer)<br />
equipment.<br />
Major district roads in Maharashtra<br />
are c<strong>on</strong>structed with enzyme<br />
stabilized soil and are working very<br />
well.
Variati<strong>on</strong> of CBR with time<br />
for soil with very high<br />
Plasticity .<br />
Variati<strong>on</strong> of CBR with time<br />
for soil with medium<br />
Plasticity .<br />
Increase in CBR values is<br />
of the range from 130 to<br />
1800 times of the original<br />
value<br />
(Isaac et al. 2003).<br />
I
Manoj Shukla et.al<br />
2003
• Effect of <strong>Bio</strong>-<strong>Enzyme</strong> use <strong>on</strong> soil<br />
stabilizati<strong>on</strong> was c<strong>on</strong>ducted at <strong>Soil</strong><br />
Mechanics <str<strong>on</strong>g>Laboratory</str<strong>on</strong>g>, Thailand (1996) to<br />
determine the effects <strong>on</strong> CBR<br />
• Increase in CBR is more than 100% as<br />
compared to 28% -Untreated<br />
• Investigators also reported reducti<strong>on</strong> in gravel<br />
loss, road roughness, dust levels <strong>on</strong> the<br />
<strong>Enzyme</strong> treated road secti<strong>on</strong>s.
• <strong>Bio</strong>-Enzymatic soil stabilizati<strong>on</strong> in Road<br />
C<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong><br />
(Everyman’ Science VOL XLI No.6 March 06<br />
Page No.60-69- Dr. C.Venkatasubramnyam School of Civil<br />
Engineering SASTRA Tanjavur.)<br />
• In this study 5 types of soil (From low to high clay<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tent) are c<strong>on</strong>sidered.<br />
• Based <strong>on</strong> strength variati<strong>on</strong> study has been d<strong>on</strong>e <strong>on</strong><br />
cost saving by the use of enzyme stabilized sub base.<br />
• The overall saving in the total cost of c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> is 30-<br />
40%
• Field study : Prof. Hitam & Yusof-Palm oil research Institute<br />
Malaysia (1998)<br />
– 27 Kms of road was c<strong>on</strong>structed with enzyme treated soil.<br />
– The secti<strong>on</strong> of the road was m<strong>on</strong>itored for four m<strong>on</strong>so<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
– No surface damage was observed
Geotechnical properties<br />
Sl No. Property <strong>Lateritic</strong> <strong>Soil</strong><br />
1 Specific gravity 2.45<br />
2 Grain size distributi<strong>on</strong><br />
a) Gravel, % 19<br />
b) Sand, % 50<br />
c) Silt, % 29<br />
d) Clay,% 2<br />
3 C<strong>on</strong>sistency limits (%)<br />
Liquid limit 35<br />
Plastic limit 25<br />
Plasticity index 10<br />
4 IS <strong>Soil</strong> Classificati<strong>on</strong> SM-GM
Geotechnical properties of <strong>Soil</strong>s<br />
Sl No. Property <strong>Lateritic</strong> <strong>Soil</strong><br />
5 I.S standard Compacti<strong>on</strong><br />
a) Max dry density, γ dmax<br />
(kN/m 3 )<br />
19.32<br />
b) O.M.C 13.5%<br />
I.S modified Compacti<strong>on</strong><br />
a) Max dry density, γ dmax<br />
(kN/m 3 )<br />
19.95<br />
b) O.M.C 11.4%<br />
6 CBR Value (%)<br />
I.S Standard Compacti<strong>on</strong><br />
a) OMC c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> 10.0 %<br />
b) Soaked c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> 4.0 %<br />
I.S Modified Compacti<strong>on</strong><br />
a) OMC c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> 14.0 %<br />
b) Soaked c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> 8.0 %
Geotechnical properties of <strong>Soil</strong>s<br />
Sl No. Property <strong>Lateritic</strong> <strong>Soil</strong><br />
Un c<strong>on</strong>fined compressi<strong>on</strong><br />
7<br />
test<br />
I.S Standard Compacti<strong>on</strong><br />
( kN/m2 )<br />
I.S Modified Compacti<strong>on</strong><br />
(kN/m2 )<br />
8 Co-efficient of<br />
permeability<br />
I.S standard Compacti<strong>on</strong><br />
(cm/sec)<br />
I.S modified Compacti<strong>on</strong><br />
(cm/sec)<br />
108<br />
142<br />
4.78x10 -8<br />
2.87x10 --8
Experiments <strong>on</strong> enzyme treated<br />
soil<br />
• <strong>Enzyme</strong> is used for stabilizati<strong>on</strong>. (Nature Plus-USA).<br />
• Physical/Chemical Characteristics of <strong>Enzyme</strong><br />
• Boiling Point: 212° F<br />
• Specific Gravity (H2O = 1): 1.000 - 1.090<br />
• Vapor Pressure (mmHg): As Water<br />
• Melting Point: Liquid<br />
• Vapor Density (Air = 1): 1<br />
• Evaporati<strong>on</strong> Rate : As Water<br />
• Solubility in Water: Infinite pH: 3.10 - 5.00<br />
• Appearance and Odor: Brown clear liquid
<strong>Enzyme</strong> Dosage<br />
• <strong>Enzyme</strong> is to be added to water before<br />
mixing maintaining the OMC<br />
• It is in terms of ml per m3 of soil<br />
• Four dosages are selected<br />
• The enzyme is to be mixed with<br />
• 200 ml/3.5 m3 to 200 ml/2m3
<strong>Enzyme</strong> dosage for lateritic soil<br />
Dosage Amount of<br />
dosage<br />
Amount required<br />
/Kg of soil<br />
1 200 ml/3.5m 3 0.029 ml<br />
2 200 ml/3m 3 0.0338 ml<br />
3 200 ml/2.5m 3 0.0406 ml<br />
4 200 ml/2m 3 0.050 ml
UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST<br />
CP ED1 ED2 ED3 ED4<br />
<strong>Lateritic</strong> <strong>Soil</strong> -142 (kN/m 2 )<br />
(Untreated)<br />
1 205 272 343 447<br />
2 262 324 398<br />
3 330 434 532<br />
4 428 513 607<br />
513<br />
716<br />
782
CP<br />
ED1 ED2 ED3 ED4<br />
CBR values for treated soil<br />
Untreated 08%<br />
1 17 20 21 23<br />
2 20 23 25<br />
3 23 25 27<br />
4 25 27 29<br />
27<br />
29<br />
31
Variati<strong>on</strong> of Coefficient of Permiability<br />
CP ED1 ED2 ED3 ED4<br />
k m/sec (10 -8)<br />
1 2.87 2.87 2.63 2.63<br />
2 2.63 2.39 2.39<br />
3 1.91 1.91 1.91<br />
4 1.91 1.67 1.67<br />
2.39<br />
1.67<br />
1.67
<strong>Soil</strong>sand<br />
(%) CP 1 CP 2 CP 3<br />
CBR Values of blended soil with enzyme<br />
CP 4<br />
100-0 25 29 30 31<br />
90-10 27 30 31<br />
80-20 24 29 30<br />
70-30 22 27 28<br />
60-40 21` 24 27<br />
32<br />
31<br />
30<br />
28
Fatigue Behavior of materials<br />
• Term FATIGUE refers to premature failure<br />
under the acti<strong>on</strong> of repeated loading.<br />
• Push-Pull type (Repeated) of loading<br />
system is adopted in Lab.<br />
• Depends <strong>on</strong> :<br />
• Nature of loading<br />
• Magnitude of max. load<br />
• No. of cycles to failure<br />
• Surface finish of test specimen<br />
• Temperature
Fatigue Analysis<br />
• Fatigue behavior of stabilized soil<br />
under repeated loading.<br />
• Test has been performed using<br />
fatigue testing machine.<br />
• A cylindrical specimen of length to<br />
diameter ratio of 2 is used.<br />
• The Fatigue test equipment that is<br />
capable of applying the repeated<br />
loads at a frequency 0 to 12 Hz is<br />
used in the present investigati<strong>on</strong>.
Effect of <strong>Enzyme</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tent <strong>on</strong> Fatigue life of <strong>Enzyme</strong><br />
treated soil specimens at different stress level<br />
<strong>Lateritic</strong> <strong>Soil</strong>
•<br />
Effect of load repetiti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> residual static UCS
Effect of load repetiti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> Ultimate UCS strength<br />
(<strong>Lateritic</strong> soil)
Effect of curing period <strong>on</strong> Fatigue life
Effect of loading amplitude <strong>on</strong> fatigue life
Fatigue life Vs UCS<br />
Stress level Correlati<strong>on</strong> equati<strong>on</strong> of <strong>Lateritic</strong> soil for <strong>Enzyme</strong> dosage 2 R² value<br />
30% Fatigue Life=272.2 UCS- 743.7 0.98<br />
40% Fatigue Life =199.6 UCS- 1975 0.98<br />
50% Fatigue Life =161.0 UCS - 5942 0.99<br />
60% Fatigue Life =132.3 UCS- 7916 0.98<br />
80% Fatigue Life =99.68 UCC - 10732 0.98
FIELD EXPERIMENTAL STUDY<br />
• The road selected for the<br />
experimental investigati<strong>on</strong> is<br />
at Nancharu-Kokkarne<br />
Road,Udupi District.<br />
• The c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> of road<br />
segment for a length of 1.35<br />
Km was d<strong>on</strong>e under<br />
“Pradana Manthri Grameena<br />
Sadak Yojana” scheme.
Index properties of the soil at the site before the<br />
applicati<strong>on</strong> of <strong>Enzyme</strong>
Dynamic C<strong>on</strong>e Penetrati<strong>on</strong> Test<br />
(Treated soil)
L<strong>on</strong>g Term Effect of enzyme <strong>on</strong><br />
soil<br />
• Field CBR was c<strong>on</strong>ducted<br />
during the m<strong>on</strong>th of Feb.<br />
2009 after allowing the<br />
road for <strong>on</strong>e rainy<br />
seas<strong>on</strong>.<br />
• The results were shown<br />
that the CBR value is<br />
more than 80%. This<br />
clearly indicates the l<strong>on</strong>g<br />
term durability of enzyme<br />
treated soil.
C<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
• <strong>Soil</strong> properties have been improved with<br />
dosage 4.<br />
• CBR value increased by 400%<br />
• UCC value increased by 450%<br />
• Permeability decreased by 42%<br />
• Improvement in soil properties by adding<br />
sand ( 80-20).<br />
• Effect of enzyme is less for cohesi<strong>on</strong> less<br />
soils<br />
• CBR values of enzyme treated soil decreases<br />
with increase in sand c<strong>on</strong>tent
C<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
• Fatigue Analysis<br />
– Effect of Dosage :For different stress level (30-80<br />
%) it is observed that the fatigue life of the<br />
stabilized soil increases with increase in dosage<br />
and bey<strong>on</strong>d the dosage 2 the increase is<br />
marginal.<br />
– Effect of Curing Period: Showing c<strong>on</strong>siderable<br />
increase in fatigue life up to 4 to 6 weeks of<br />
curing. Further it is marginal.<br />
– Effect <strong>on</strong> residual UCS strength: Ultimate UCS<br />
strength (after repetiti<strong>on</strong>s) are higher than the<br />
original UCS strength for the specimen cured up<br />
to 4 weeks.
C<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
• Fatigue Analysis<br />
– Effect of Dosage :For different stress level (30-80<br />
%) it is observed that the fatigue life of the<br />
stabilized soil increases with increase in dosage<br />
and bey<strong>on</strong>d the dosage 2 the increase is<br />
marginal.<br />
– Effect of Curing Period: Showing c<strong>on</strong>siderable<br />
increase in fatigue life up to 4 to 6 weeks of<br />
curing. Further it is marginal.<br />
– Effect <strong>on</strong> residual UCS strength: Ultimate UCS<br />
strength (after repetiti<strong>on</strong>s) are higher than the<br />
original UCS strength for the specimen cured up<br />
to 4 weeks.
C<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
• Experimental field study<br />
– The road c<strong>on</strong>structed with enzyme stabilized<br />
soil has m<strong>on</strong>itored for its performance at<br />
regular interval for 8-10 m<strong>on</strong>ths. The road is<br />
performing well and field CBR test indicates<br />
that stabilized soil can be used as sub base<br />
material very effectively. But prior laboratory<br />
study is necessary to get the good result in<br />
the filed.
C<strong>on</strong>cluding Remark<br />
• Based <strong>on</strong> experimental analysis, study of<br />
fatigue behavior and field study it can be<br />
c<strong>on</strong>cluded that there is improvement in<br />
geotechnical properties of lateritic soil and<br />
can be effectively used in the design of<br />
flexible pavement with the replacement of<br />
WBM layer
References<br />
• Andrew,R., Fadi,S.M., Nicholos, E. and Elahe, M.(2003): “An<br />
Evaluati<strong>on</strong> of Strength change <strong>on</strong> Subgrade soils stabilized with an<br />
<strong>Enzyme</strong> Catalyst soluti<strong>on</strong> using CBR and SSG comparis<strong>on</strong>s”,<br />
Report submitted to University Transportati<strong>on</strong> Cente South Carolina<br />
State University Orangeburg, SC, USA .<br />
• Andromalos, K.B., Hegazy,Y.A. and Jasperse, B. H. (2000):<br />
”Stabilizati<strong>on</strong> of <strong>Soil</strong>s by <strong>Soil</strong> Mixing,” Proceedings, Internati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
C<strong>on</strong>ference <strong>on</strong> Soft Ground Technology, ASCE, Noorwijkerhout,<br />
Netherlands, pp, 194-205.<br />
• Beena, S.(2000): “Suitability of using CBR test to predict Resilient<br />
modulus” paper presented for the federal aviati<strong>on</strong> administrati<strong>on</strong><br />
airport technology transfer c<strong>on</strong>ference Rowan University,201 Mullica<br />
Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ 08028.
• Brazetti, R., and Murphy, S.R.(2000): “General usage of<br />
<strong>Bio</strong>-<strong>Enzyme</strong> stabilizers in Road C<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> in Brazil”,<br />
32 nd annual meeting <strong>on</strong> paving, Brazil.<br />
• Boateng P. Y. and Johns<strong>on</strong>, P. T. (1990): “Estimati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
subgrade resilient modulus from standard tests” Journal of<br />
Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 116, pp.68-78.<br />
• Dhinakaran, C. and Prasanna K.R. (2007): “<strong>Bio</strong>enzyme soil<br />
stabilizati<strong>on</strong> in road c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong>”, Everyman’s Science,<br />
Vol.XLI No.6, pp.397-400
• Gidigasu, M.D. (1976): “<strong>Lateritic</strong> <strong>Soil</strong> Engineering<br />
Pedogenesis and Engineering Principles”, Elsevier Scientific<br />
Publishing Company, New York .<br />
• Gireesh, B.G. (2008):“study <strong>on</strong> geotechnical properties of<br />
laterite and black cott<strong>on</strong> soils<br />
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