BSA/AML Examination Manual - ffiec

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Correspondent Accounts (Foreign) — Overview Correspondent Accounts (Foreign) — Overview Objective. Assess the adequacy of the U.S. bank’s systems to manage the risks associated with foreign correspondent banking and management’s ability to implement effective due diligence, monitoring, and reporting systems. This section expands the earlier core review of statutory and regulatory requirements of foreign correspondent account relationships in order to provide a broader assessment of the AML risks associated with this activity. Foreign financial institutions maintain accounts at U.S. banks to gain access to the U.S. financial system and to take advantage of services and products that may not be available in the foreign financial institution’s jurisdiction. These services may be performed more economically or efficiently by the U.S. bank or may be necessary for other reasons, such as the facilitation of international trade. Services may include: • Cash management services, including deposit accounts. • International funds transfers. • Check clearing. • Payable through accounts. • Pouch activities. • Foreign exchange services. • Overnight investment accounts (sweep accounts). • Loans and letters of credit. Contractual Agreements Each relationship that a U.S. bank has with a foreign correspondent financial institution should be governed by an agreement or a contract describing each party’s responsibilities and other relationship details (e.g., products and services provided, acceptance of deposits, clearing of items, forms of payment, and acceptable forms of endorsement). The agreement or contract should also consider the foreign financial institution’s AML regulatory requirements, customer base, due diligence procedures, and permitted thirdparty usage of the correspondent account. Risk Factors Some foreign financial institutions are not subject to the same or similar regulatory guidelines as U.S. banks; therefore, these foreign institutions may pose a higher money laundering risk to their respective U.S. bank correspondent(s). Investigations have FFIEC BSA/AML Examination Manual 170 8/24/2007
Correspondent Accounts (Foreign) — Overview disclosed that, in the past, foreign correspondent accounts have been used by drug traffickers and other criminal elements to launder funds. Shell companies are sometimes used in the layering process to hide the true ownership of accounts at foreign correspondent financial institutions. Because of the large amount of funds, multiple transactions, and the U.S. bank’s potential lack of familiarity with the foreign correspondent financial institution’s customer, criminals and terrorists can more easily conceal the source and use of illicit funds. Consequently, each U.S. bank, including all overseas branches, offices, and subsidiaries, should closely monitor transactions related to foreign correspondent accounts. Without adequate controls, a U.S. bank may also set up a traditional correspondent account with a foreign financial institution and not be aware that the foreign financial institution is permitting some customers to conduct transactions anonymously through the U.S. bank account (e.g., payable through accounts 153 and nested accounts). Nested Accounts Nested accounts occur when a foreign financial institution gains access to the U.S. financial system by operating through a U.S. correspondent account belonging to another foreign financial institution. If the U.S. bank is unaware that its foreign correspondent financial institution customer is providing such access to third-party foreign financial institutions, these third-party financial institutions can effectively gain anonymous access to the U.S. financial system. Behavior indicative of nested accounts and other accounts of concern includes transactions to jurisdictions in which the foreign financial institution has no known business activities or interests and transactions in which the total volume and frequency significantly exceeds expected activity for the foreign financial institution, considering its customer base or asset size. Risk Mitigation U.S. banks that offer foreign correspondent financial institution services should have policies, procedures, and processes to manage the BSA/AML risks inherent with these relationships and should closely monitor transactions related to these accounts to detect and report suspicious activities. The level of risk varies depending on the foreign financial institution’s products, services, customers, and geographic locations. The New York Clearing House Association, L.L.C. (NYCH) and The Wolfsberg Group have published suggested industry standards and guidance for banks that provide foreign correspondent banking services. 154 Also, additional information relating to risk assessments and due diligence is contained in the core overview section, “Foreign Correspondent Account Recordkeeping and Due Diligence,” page 106. The U.S. bank’s policies, procedures, and processes should: 153 Refer to the expanded overview section, “Payable Through Accounts,” page 178, for additional information. 154 Refer to Guidelines for Counter Money Laundering Policies and Procedures in Correspondent Banking (March 2002) at www.theclearinghouse.org/docs/000592.pdf and Wolfsberg AML Principles for Correspondent Banking (November 2002) at www.wolfsberg-principles.com/corresp-banking.html. FFIEC BSA/AML Examination Manual 171 8/24/2007
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Bank Secrecy Act / Anti-Money Laund
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Table of Contents EXPANDED EXAMINAT
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INTRODUCTION Introduction This Fede
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Background Introduction In 1970, Co
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Introduction institutions, such as
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Introduction proliferation of weapo
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Introduction Although the motivatio
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Scoping and Planning — Overview C
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Scoping and Planning — Overview T
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Scoping and Planning — Examinatio
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Scoping and Planning — Examinatio
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BSA/AML Risk Assessment — Overvie
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Analysis of Specific Risk Categorie
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BSA/AML Risk Assessment — Examina
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BSA/AML Compliance Program — Over
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BSA/AML Compliance Program — Exam
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Developing Conclusions and Finalizi
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Developing Conclusions and Finalizi
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Customer Identification Program —
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Customer Information Required Custo
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Transaction Testing Customer Identi
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Customer Due Diligence — Overview
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Customer Due Diligence — Examinat
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Suspicious Activity Reporting — O
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Law Enforcement Inquiries and Reque
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Timing of a SAR Filing Suspicious A
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Suspicious Activity Reporting — E
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Suspicious Activity Reporting — E
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Currency Transaction Reporting —
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Currency Transaction Reporting —
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Currency Transaction Reporting Exem
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• Operating a pawn brokerage. Cur
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Currency Transaction Reporting Exem
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Information Sharing — Overview In
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Information Sharing — Overview su
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Information Sharing — Overview es
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Copies of section 314(a) requests.
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Purchase and Sale of Monetary Instr
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Funds Transfers Recordkeeping — O
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Funds Transfers Recordkeeping — O
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Responsibilities of Beneficiary’s
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Funds Transfers Recordkeeping — E
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Foreign Correspondent Account Recor
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Page 123 and 124: Foreign Correspondent Account Recor
Page 125 and 126: Private Banking Due Diligence Progr
Page 133 and 134: Special Measures — Overview minim
Page 135 and 136: Examination Procedures Special Meas
Page 137 and 138: Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts
Page 139 and 140: International Transportation of Cur
Page 141 and 142: Office of Foreign Assets Control
Page 153 and 154: Enterprise-Wide BSA/AML Compliance
Page 159 and 160: Corporate management. Enterprise-Wi
Page 161 and 162: Foreign Branches and Offices of U.S
Page 167 and 168: Examination Procedures Parallel Ban
Page 169 and 170: Correspondent Accounts (Domestic)
Page 171 and 172: Correspondent Accounts (Domestic)
Page 173: Correspondent Accounts (Domestic)
Page 177 and 178: Correspondent Accounts (Foreign)
Page 179 and 180: U.S. Dollar Drafts — Overview U.S
Page 181 and 182: U.S. Dollar Drafts — Examination
Page 183 and 184: Payable Through Accounts — Overvi
Page 185 and 186: Payable Through Accounts — Examin
Page 187 and 188: Payable Through Accounts — Examin
Page 189 and 190: Risk Mitigation Pouch Activities
Page 191 and 192: Pouch Activities — Examination Pr
Page 193 and 194: Electronic Banking — Overview lin
Page 195 and 196: Examination Procedures Electronic B
Page 197 and 198: Funds Transfers — Overview and on
Page 199 and 200: Funds Transfers — Overview busine
Page 201 and 202: Examination Procedures Funds Transf
Page 203 and 204: Automated Clearing House Transactio
Page 209 and 210: Transaction Testing Automated Clear
Page 211 and 212: Electronic Cash — Overview Using
Page 213 and 214: Third-Party Payment Processors —
Page 215 and 216: Third-Party Payment Processors —
Page 217 and 218: Purchase and Sale of Monetary Instr
Page 219 and 220: Brokered Deposits — Overview Brok
Page 221 and 222: Examination Procedures Brokered Dep
Page 223 and 224: Privately Owned Automated Teller Ma
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• Expected account activity, incl
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Privately Owned ATMs — Examinatio
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Nondeposit Investment Products —
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Nondeposit Investment Products —
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− Holdings in excess of the custo
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Insurance — Overview its insuranc
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Examination Procedures Insurance In
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Concentration Accounts — Overview
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Concentration Accounts — Examinat
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Lending Activities — Overview bus
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Trade Finance Activities — Overvi
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Risk Mitigation Trade Finance Activ
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Trade Finance Activities — Overvi
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Private Banking — Overview Privat
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Customer Risk Assessment Private Ba
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Private Banking — Overview determ
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Offshore entities. Cash-intensive b
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Trust and Asset Management Services
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• The type of trust or agency acc
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Transaction Testing Trust and Asset
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Nonresident Aliens and Foreign Indi
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Nonresident Aliens and Foreign Indi
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Politically Exposed Persons — Ove
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Politically Exposed Persons — Ove
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Politically Exposed Persons — Exa
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Embassy and Foreign Consulate Accou
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Embassy and Foreign Consulate Accou
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Non-Bank Financial Institutions —
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Professional Service Providers —
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Professional Service Providers —
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Non-Governmental Organizations and
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Non-Governmental Organizations and
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Business Entities (Domestic and For
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Risk Factors Business Entities (Dom
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Cash-Intensive Businesses — Overv
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Appendix A: BSA Laws and Regulation
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Appendix B: BSA/AML Directives Appe
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Web Sites Appendix C: BSA/AML Refer
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Appendix C: BSA/AML References •
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Appendix D: Statutory Definition of
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Appendix E: International Organizat
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Appendix F: Money Laundering and Te
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Privately Owned Automated Teller Ma
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Funds Transfers Appendix F: Money L
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Appendix G: Structuring However, tw
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Appendix H: Request Letter Items (C
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Expanded Examination Procedures App
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Parallel Banking _ List any paralle
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Appendix I: Risk Assessment Link to
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Appendix J: Quantity of Risk Matrix
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Appendix K: Customer Risk versus Du
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When did the suspicious activity ta
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Low No history of OFAC actions. No
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Appendix O: Examiner Tools for Tran
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Appendix O: Examiner Tools for Tran
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Signature Cards Appendix P: BSA Rec
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Name and address of the beneficiary
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Appendix P: BSA Record Retention Re
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Acronym or abbreviation Full name E
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Acronym or abbreviation Full name N
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Appendix R: Enforcement Guidance Ap
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Appendix R: Enforcement Guidance As
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Appendix R: Enforcement Guidance ex
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Appendix R: Enforcement Guidance FF
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Backfiling. See Currency Transactio
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overview, 165-167 request letter it
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money services businesses, 279 nond
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Export Administration Act of 1979,
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Index 314(a) record searches, 88 Cu
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Index for a BSA/AML compliance prog
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guidance on providing banking servi
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247, 253, H-15 Offshore Financial C
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trade finance activities, H-14 trus
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enterprise-wide, 149-150, 152, 153
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U United Nations, 7, 137 Updating O
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