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PESTICIDE USAGE SURVEY REPORT 195
OUTDOOR VEGETABLE CROPS
IN GREAT BRITAIN
2003
D. G. Garthwaite, M. R. Thomas, A. Dawson, H. Stoddart & H. Anderson
Pesticide Usage Survey
Central Science Laboratory
Sand Hutton
York
YO41 1LZ
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
&
Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department

CONTENTS Page
Summary 1
Introduction 2
Methods 3
Results and discussion 5
Crops 5
Overall usage of pesticides 7
Extent and quantities of pesticide formulations used 12
Extent and quantities of active substances used 23
Pesticide usage on Brassicas 27
Pesticide usage on Root Crucifers 34
Pesticide usage on Peas & Beans 40
Pesticide usage on Onions & Leeks 47
Pesticide usage on Carrots, Parsnips & Celery 54
Pesticide usage on Lettuce, Endive etc. 61
Pesticide usage on Sweetcorn 67
Pesticide usage on Other Root Vegetables 73
Pesticide usage on Cucurbits 79
Pesticide usage on Other Outdoor Vegetables 85
Comparison of pesticide usage on All Vegetable Crops 92
Vegetable seed treatments 96
Treatment of vegetables during storage 100
Acknowledgements 102
References 102
Appendix 1 - Crops Encountered During The 2003 Outdoor Vegetable Crops Survey 103
Appendix 2 – List of Recently Published Pesticide Usage Survey Reports 104
iii

ROUNDING
Due to rounding of figures, the sum of constituent items in the tables may not agree exactly with the totals shown.
DEFINITIONS
a) 'Pesticide' is used throughout this report to include commercial formulations containing active substances of
insecticides, acaricides, molluscicides, fungicides, herbicides, desiccants, soil sterilants, nematicides and growth
regulators.
b) 'Treated area' is the gross area treated with a pesticide, including all repeat applications, some of which may have been
applied to the land in preparation for drilling/planting, or applied to a crop which subsequently failed and was re-
drilled/planted with the current crop, and thus may appear as an inappropriate use on that crop.
c) Where quoted in the text, reasons for application are the grower’s stated reasons for use of that particular pesticide on
that crop and may not always seem entirely appropriate.
d) Where individual active substances are mentioned in the text, they are listed in descending order of use by hectares
treated.
e) Throughout all tables, “Other” refers to chemicals grouped together because they were applied to less than 0.1% of the
total area treated with pesticides.
f) The term “formulation(s)” used within the text is used here to describe either single active substances or mixtures of
active substances contained within an individual product. It does not refer to any of the solvents, pH modifiers or
adjuvants also contained within a product that contribute to its efficacy.
QUALITY CONTROL OF DATA
All data are collected by personal interview using fully qualified staff working to standard operating procedures. Paper
records are held at Sand Hutton, York, but individual holdings cannot be identified. Data are entered onto a computer
database which has extensive error checking routines associated with the input program. Each item of data is then
checked after entry and subsequently all forms are re-checked by someone other than the original operator. Prior to
compilation of the tables, the data are further subjected to a range of computer checks to detect, amongst other things,
any values which, on agronomic grounds, appear suspect. Any thus revealed are further scrutinised, and, if necessary,
referred back to the original source. All the tables are prepared by computer once the data set is considered correct, thus
eliminating transcription and typographical errors.
iv

SUMMARY
This report is the third to present information on all aspects of pesticide usage on vegetable crops grown for human
consumption in Great Britain, the previous reports being on usage in 1999 and 1995. Prior to 1995, surveys reported on
usage in England & Wales and Scotland separately. Ten major crop groups, incorporating 101 distinct crops, were
encountered. Data on pesticide usage were collected from 4,203 examples during visits by trained pesticide usage
surveyors to 602 holdings throughout Great Britain. The total area sampled represented 21% of the total area of
vegetable crops grown in Great Britain during the 2003 season.
There were reductions of 8% and 20% in the area of all vegetable crops grown compared with 1999, and 1991
respectively. However, there has been a one percent increase in the area treated compared with 1999 and 23% compared
with 1991. By contrast the weights applied decreased by 31% compared with 1999, and by 8% over the last thirteen
years. This reflects a trend, particularly in onions, leeks and beetroot, towards the use of products with lower rates of
application, and the use of repeat low dose spray programmes.
Herbicides accounted for 40% of the total pesticide-treated area of vegetable crops grown in Great Britain in 2003,
insecticides 32%, fungicides 24%, molluscicides and repellents 3%, sulphur one percent and sodium chloride, growth
regulators, physical control agents, biological control agents, growth stimulants and soil sterilants less than one percent
each. In contrast, herbicides accounted for 52% of the total weight of pesticide active substances applied, fungicides
23%, sodium chloride 7%, sulphur 6%, insecticides 5%, soil sterilants 4%, molluscicides & repellents 2% and growth
regulators one percent. Physical control agents, growth stimulants and biological control agents accounted for less than
one percent each.
The most extensively-used herbicide formulations were: glyphosate (10% of all herbicide applications) used on all crops
prior to drilling or planting; cyanazine (9%) used extensively on peas & beans and onions & leeks; ioxynil (8%) used
mainly on onions & leeks; propachlor, used extensively (8%) on onions & leeks; pendimethalin (7%) used extensively on
onions & leeks and carrots, parsnips & celery; and linuron (6%) used mainly on carrots, parsnips, & celery.
Pyrethroids were the most extensively-used insecticides accounting for 51% of the insecticide-treated area, followed by
carbamates 26%, pyrethroid/carbamate formulations 9% and organophosphates 4%. Five insecticides accounted for
approximately 81% of the total insecticide-treated area of all vegetable crops: lambda-cyhalothrin (31%); pirimicarb
(23%); deltamethrin (11%); lambda-cyhalothrin/pirimicarb (6%); and cypermethrin (5%). Other extensively-used
insecticides included deltamethrin/pirimicarb, triazamate and nicotine. Aldicarb was the only nematicide recorded.
The most extensively-used fungicide formulations applied as sprays were: azoxystrobin (used principally on carrots,
vining peas and dry bulb onions); tebuconazole (used principally on carrots, Brussels sprouts, parsnips and leeks);
dimethomorph/mancozeb (used entirely on dry-bulb onions); copper oxychloride (predominantly applied to dry-bulb
onions, carrots & calabrese (as a bactericide)); and chlorothalonil (predominantly used on dry-bulb onions, Brussels
sprouts and salad onions).
Active substances showing major increases in area treated included dimethomorph and triazamate. Usage of bifenthrin
increased by over seven times compared with 1999, that of alpha-cypermethrin by over three times, whereas the treated
areas of metalaxyl-M and mancozeb more than doubled. Usage of azoxystrobin, tepraloxydim, pymetrozine, boscalid
and pyraclostrobin on vegetable crops were encountered for the first time in this survey. Significant reductions in use
were seen in dimethoate (down 89%), metalaxyl (down by 86% and now replaced by metalaxyl-M) and cypermethrin
(56%).
1

INTRODUCTION
The Advisory Committee on Pesticides advises government on all aspects of pesticide use. In order to discharge this
function, the Committee must regularly monitor the usage of all pesticides and needs accurate data on the usage of
individual active substances.
As part of the ongoing process for obtaining data, the Pesticide Usage Survey Teams of the Central Science Laboratory,
an executive agency of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, and the Scottish Agricultural Science
Agency, an agency of the Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department, conducted a survey of pesticide
usage on vegetable crops grown from autumn 2002 through to autumn 2003, by visiting holdings throughout Great
Britain from autumn 2003 to spring 2004.
This was the third fully coordinated survey of pesticide usage on vegetable crops throughout Great Britain, but was the
tenth survey of pesticide usage on vegetable crops in England & Wales. Previous surveys were reported by Sly (1972),
Umpleby & Sly (1977), Sly (1982), Umpleby et al. (1982), Garthwaite et al. (1990), Thomas et al. (1992) and Garthwaite
et al. (1997; 2001). Surveys of pesticide usage on vegetable crops in Scotland have been reported by Umpleby et al.
(1982), Brodie & Wood (1986), Shave & Dickson (1991) and Bowen et al. (1992).
Information on all aspects of pesticide usage in Great Britain plus the Government Office Regions (GOR) of England &
Wales can be obtained from the Pesticide Usage Survey Team at the Central Science Laboratory, York either by
telephone on 01904 462410, by post or through their web site at www.csl.gov.uk/liaison. Further data related specifically
to Scotland can be obtained from the Pesticide Usage Survey Team at the Scottish Agricultural Science Agency, East
Craigs, Edinburgh.
A list of the most recently published survey reports is shown in Appendix 2. Copies of reports on pesticide usage may be
purchased from Defra Publications, London, SE99 7TP (Tel. 01645 556000).
REPORT FORMAT
In order to improve the presentation of data within this report summary charts and tables for each crop have been
incorporated. These take three forms:
1. A summary of the number of all pesticide spray applications, products and active substances currently used and
how these have changed over the last 10 years.
2. Data are presented which outline the percentage of monthly applications made for each of the main pesticide
groups, in particular insecticides, fungicides and herbicides. Within a pesticide group each individual monthly
figure is expressed as a proportion of the total annual application of that pesticide group. Figures are expressed
proportionately in order to remove any bias caused by one pesticide group dominating all usage on an individual
crop.
3. For each major pesticide group, detailed data are presented on the five principal active substances used on an
individual crop. These data include the area treated with each formulation in 2003, the weight applied in 2003,
the proportion of the total area treated within each pesticide group, the proportion of the census area grown
treated with each formulation, the average number of applications of each formulation made to an individual
crop where treated with that formulation and the average proportion of its full label rate used on that crop.
2

METHODS
The samples of holdings to be surveyed were selected using data from the Agricultural Census Returns, June 2002 for
England & Wales (Anon., 2003a) and for Scotland (Anon., 2003b).
The samples were drawn from the census returns so as to represent the area of all vegetable crops grown throughout
England, Scotland and Wales. For England the sample was selected within each of the eight Government Office
Regions, together with Wales, while in Scotland the country was divided into 11 land-use regions (Fig. 1). The samples
were stratified according to the total area of all vegetable crops grown in each region and by size group based on the total
area of vegetable crops grown on each holding. The area of vegetable crops sampled in each size group and each region
was proportional to the total area of vegetable crops grown on holdings of each size group in each region.
For the purposes of this survey and for sample selection the total area of vegetable crops was taken as the sum of the
areas of the vegetable crops included in the June census questionnaire: broad beans; runner beans (pinched and
climbing); French beans; picking peas; all other vegetables. Dry harvest peas and field beans for combining were not
included in this survey but data on pesticide use on these crops may be found under surveys of arable crops.
A second supplementary sample was taken to identify holdings growing vining peas. This was done to achieve a better
representation of vining pea crops which was unlikely to be achieved from the first sample as most vining pea crops are
grown on holdings growing arable crops rather than other vegetable crops. All other crops were well represented in the
first sample.
An introductory letter was sent to the occupiers of the selected holdings explaining the purpose of the survey. A total of
602 holdings were visited during the winter of 2003/04, of which 66 grew only vining peas. Data were collected during a
personal interview with the grower conducted by an experienced pesticide usage surveyor. Where a holding listed in the
original sample was not able to provide data it was replaced with another from the same size group and region, held on a
reserve list.
Raising factors
The pesticide usage data collected from each holding were raised by two factors to give an estimate of regional usage; the
first factor being dependent on farm size group and region and the second dependent on crop area and region. The data
were further adjusted by a third factor to give estimates of total pesticide usage related to the national cropping areas in
Great Britain (Thomas, 2001).
The raising factors were based on the areas of vegetable crops grown and harvested in 2003 as recorded in the June
Agricultural Census Returns both for England & Wales (Anon., 2004a) and Scotland (Anon., 2004b). Further
adjustments to the area of multiple cropped vegetables, such as lettuce, and estimates of the areas of minor crops grown
were made using the results of the January Vegetable Census (Anon., 2004c).
The Questionnaire
The questionnaire for the main part of the survey consisted of two forms which were completed during an interview with
the farmer.
Form 1 summarised the areas of vegetable crops grown on the designated holding from autumn 2002 through to autumn
2003.
Form 2 dealt with all aspects of pesticide usage on the individual crops grown on the holding and harvested during this
period, a separate form being used for each field or planting. This included pesticides applied prior to planting and as
these are subsequently associated with the production of that crop they may appear as inappropriate uses. Certain
agronomic details which may have influenced pesticide usage (including method of planting or drilling, use of crop
covers, drilling rates, varieties, time of planting and harvest, methods of pesticide application, use of adjuvants and the
volume of spray applied) were also recorded on form 2.
3

Fig. 1 Counties in Government Office Regions of England & Wales and regions covered by SEERAD in Scotland
West Midlands
Hereford
Worcester
Shropshire
Staffordshire
Warwickshire
West Midlands
Wales
Clywd
Dyfed
Gwent
Gwynedd
Mid Glamorgan
Powys
S Glamorgan
W Glamorgan
North West
Cheshire
Cumbria
Lancashire
Merseyside
Greater Manchester
South West
Cornwall
Devon
Dorset
Gloucestershire
Avon
Somerset
Wiltshire
4
Scotland
Borders
Central
Dumfries & Galloway
Fife
Grampian
Highlands & Islands
Lothian
Strathclyde
Tayside
North East
Cleveland
Durham
Tyne & Wear
Northumberland
Yorkshire & the Humber
S. Yorkshire
N. Yorkshire
W. Yorkshire
East Yorkshire
East Midlands
Derby
Leicestershire
Lincolnshire
Northamptonshire
Nottinghamshire
Eastern
Bedfordshire
Cambridgeshire
Essex
Hertfordshire
Norfolk
Suffolk
South East
Berkshire
Buckinghamshire
Hampshire
IOW
London
Kent
Oxon
Surrey
E Sussex
W Sussex

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CROPS
Information concerning ten main types of vegetable crops and data on pesticide usage were collected from 4,203
examples grown on 602 holdings throughout Great Britain. Ten major crop groups were included in the survey, with a
total of 101 distinct crops encountered. The sample accounted for 21% of the total area of vegetable crops grown in
Great Britain during the 2003 season. A full list of the crops encountered in the survey can be found in Appendix 1.
The areas of each crop group grown in the eight GOR regions of England, Wales and Scotland are shown in Table 1.
Four crop groups accounted for over 80% of the total area of vegetables grown: peas & beans (38%), brassicas (27%),
carrots, parsnips & celery (11%) and onions & leeks (10%). Approximately 32% of the total area of vegetable crops
grown was in East Midlands Region, 26% in Eastern Region, 13% in Yorkshire & the Humber Region, 9% in Scotland,
5% in each of London & the South East, North West and West Midlands Regions, 4% in South West Region, one percent
in North East Region and less than one percent in Wales.
The distribution of most crop groups was generally in line with their regional distribution with the exception of
sweetcorn, where 67% was grown in London & the South East Region, onions & leeks, where 38% were grown in
Eastern region and 32% in East Midlands Region, lettuce, endive etc. where 64% was grown in Eastern region, root
crucifers where 59% were grown in Scotland and other vegetables, where 48% were grown in Eastern region.
5

6
Table 1 Area of vegetable crops grown in Great Britain 2003 (hectares)
East Eastern London & North North South West Yorkshire & Wales Scotland Great
Midlands the South East East West West Midlands the Humber Britain
Brassicas etc. 17,407 1,990 1,590 47 3,407 3,168 1,576 599 359 2,281 32,424
Root crucifers 94 295 11 14 201 265 34 97 9 1,445 2,465
Peas and beans 14,445 11,417 1,114 494 23 648 1,779 12,111 65 4,117 46,211
Onions and leeks 3,942 4,737 826 10 357 401 1,404 514 4 202 12,397
Carrots, parsnips, celery 3,054 5,051 179 215 1,193 209 313 1,022 4 1,822 13,062
Lettuce, endive etc. . 3,550 693 . 671 106 17 299 16 161 5,513
Sweetcorn . 265 738 . . 8 88 . 1 . 1,100
Other root vegetables 198 873 41 2 87 22 39 620 4 458 2,342
Cucurbits 10 586 251 . 8 106 58 4 61 . 1,084
Other vegetables 187 2,453 1,191 . 67 453 628 39 6 104 5,127
All vegetable crops 39,334 31,217 6,634 776 6,014 5,385 5,936 15,305 528 10,590 121,725

OVERALL USAGE OF PESTICIDES
Regional pesticide usage
Regional pesticide usage closely approximated the areas of vegetable crops grown, although usage, particularly of
molluscicides, was relatively higher in East Midlands Region. Approximately 36% of the pesticide-treated area was in
East Midlands Region (32% of the area grown) and 31% in Eastern Region (26% of the area grown). In contrast usage in
Yorkshire & the Humber Region accounted for 8% of the pesticide-treated area but for 13% of the area grown.
Pesticide usage on crops
Pesticide usage generally reflected the area of crops grown, although usage was relatively higher on onions & leeks and
carrots, parsnips & celery than any other vegetable crop groups (Tables 1 & 2). Approximately 25% of the total
pesticide-treated area was on brassicas, which represented 27% of the area of all vegetables grown, 25% on onions &
leeks (10% of the area grown), 21% on peas & beans (38% of the area grown) and 18% on carrots, parsnips & celery
(11% of the area grown).
Proportion of crops treated
The percentage areas of each crop treated with the different pesticide groups are shown in Table 3 whilst the mean
number of spray rounds, mean number of products and mean number of active substances applied are shown in Tables
4a-c. Data presented on the number of products and active substances applied may well include repeat applications of the
same product or active substance and does not imply completely different products used on each occasion.
Many fungicides and herbicides were applied in product formulations that contained more than one active substance, or
as product mixtures in the same spray tank, whereas different insecticides were rarely applied together and products often
contained only a single active substance, though they may well have been applied at the same time as a fungicide or
herbicide.
Herbicides and desiccants were applied to a mean of 94% of the total area of vegetable crops and to at least 79% of the
area of any vegetable crop group, with a mean of 3 applications comprising 4 products and 4 active substances. Almost
all onions & leeks, peas & beans, carrots, parsnips & celery, lettuce, endive etc. and other root vegetables were treated
with herbicide. Onions & leeks, the most intensively herbicide-treated crop group, received, on average, 6 applications
of herbicides totalling 10 products and 10 active substances, mainly resulting from repeat low-dose applications. Only
79% of cucurbits received a herbicide application, comprising on average around 1 product containing a single active
substance.
Insecticide usage was most extensive on carrots, parsnip & celery, with typically 90% of the crop being treated with 4
applications comprising 4 products and 4 active substances. A slightly smaller percentage of brassicas etc. was treated
(89%), typically with 3 applications, totalling 5 products and 5 active substances. On average, two insecticide sprays
containing 3 products and active substances were used across all vegetable crop groups.
Fungicides were applied to 51% of the total area of vegetable crops, with a mean of 2 applications, 3 products and 3
active substances. No fungicide applications were made to sweetcorn. Usage on onions & leeks was most extensive,
with 94% of the area grown being treated, using an average of 4 fungicide applications, 9 products and 12 active
substances.
7

Molluscicides and repellents were applied to 9% of the area of all crops and were proportionately most extensively-used
on root crucifers (62% of the crop treated), brassicas etc. (17% of the crop area treated) and lettuce, endive etc., (13% of
the crop treated).
Sulphur was applied to 7% of all vegetable crops, with most usage being on carrots, parsnips & celery, comprising 12%
of the area grown, and on peas & beans and sweetcorn, accounting for 10% each of the area grown. Usage of sulphur on
all crops treated was confined, on average, to a single application, and may well have been applied for crop nutritional
purposes.
Growth regulators were used on only two crop groups, onions & leeks, where they were used on 27% of the area grown,
and carrots, parsnip & celery, accounting for one percent of the area grown. This usage is entirely attributable to the use
of maleic hydrazide to suppress growth during storage.
Biological control agents were used on less than one percent of the total vegetable crop area, with Bacillus thuringiensis,
used for the control of caterpillars, being used on a wide range of crops, while Phytoseiulus persimilis, for the control of
two-spotted spider mite, was restricted to use on runner beans.
The soil sterilant, dazomet, accounted for less than one percent of all applications.
Approximately 3% of all crops grown remained untreated, with most pesticide applications being made to lettuce, endive
etc. Approximately 15% of cucurbits, 8% of sweetcorn and 6% of carrots, parsnip & celery received no foliar
applications.
8

9
Table 2a Area of vegetable crops in Great Britain in 2003 treated with pesticides by crop group (spray hectares) - excluding seed treatments
Brassicas etc. Root Peas & Onions & Carrots etc. Lettuce Sweetcorn Other root Cucurbits Other All
crucifers beans leeks endive etc. vegetables vegetables crops
Insecticides & nematicides 149,325 4,593 76,601 22,880 70,956 25,583 1,478 1,869 41 10,004 363,329
Fungicides 57,607 1,994 19,625 117,437 55,434 19,533 . 1,883 528 3,512 277,552
Herbicides 63,187 5,198 121,662 136,510 72,621 15,060 2,666 16,183 1,602 14,747 449,436
Sodium chloride 4 . . . . . . 5 . 187 195
Growth regulators . . . 3,275 170 . . . . . 3,445
Molluscicides & repellents 11,954 3,791 13,029 2 13 1,845 1 9 97 382 31,124
Biological control agents 159 . 273 . . 3 . . . 98 533
Soil sterilants . . 78 4 . . . . 7 . 88
Sulphur 1,001 157 4,200 200 2,572 112 216 170 267 99 8,992
Physical control agents 100 141 . 524 124 . 108 . . 208 1,205
Growth stimulant . . . . 116 . . . . . 116
All pesticides 283,338 15,874 235,467 280,830 202,006 62,136 4,469 20,119 2,541 29,236 1,136,015
Table 2b Weight of pesticides applied to vegetable crops in Great Britain 2003 by crop group (kg of a.s.) - excluding seed treatments
Brassicas etc. Root Peas & Onions & Carrots etc. Lettuce Sweetcorn Other root Cucurbits Other All
crucifers beans leeks endive etc. vegetables vegetables crops
Insecticides & nematicides 18,987 1,445 4,539 4,944 11,365 2,096 170 111 9 676 44,341
Fungicides 21,988 668 5,495 112,078 22,163 17,308 . 1,309 57 2,102 183,168
Herbicides 108,624 6,680 98,269 101,263 57,094 18,220 2,096 8,987 912 18,688 420,832
Sodium chloride 718 . . . . . . 568 . 54,759 56,045
Growth regulators . . . 6,493 900 . . . . . 7,393
Molluscicides & repellents 4,599 2,080 6,576 1 3 452 . 5 32 117 13,865
Biological control agents 8 . 443 . . . . . . 3 454
Soil sterilants . . 33,656 1,362 . . . . 1,296 . 36,314
Sulphur 3,411 768 23,036 596 13,395 850 778 912 847 381 44,975
Physical control agents 419 249 . 1,310 506 . 108 . . 216 2,808
Growth stimulant . . . . 116 . . . . . 116
All pesticides 158,754 11,890 172,014 228,048 105,541 38,926 3,153 11,890 3,153 76,943 810,311

10
Table 3 Usage of pesticides on vegetable crops in Great Britain 2003 - percentage area of crops treated with pesticides
Insecticides Fungicides Sulphur Herbicides 1 & Growth Molluscicides & Biological Soil Not
& nematicides desiccants regulators & repellents control agents sterilants treated
Brassicas etc. 88.6 53.6 2.6 90.2 . 17.4 0.4 . 3.6
Root crucifers 63.3 50.9 5.1 92.1 . 62.4 . . 2.8
Peas and beans 80.7 27.7 10.2 96.5 . 6.2 0.1 < 0.1 2.0
Onions and leeks 61.6 94.1 1.5 97.5 27.0 < 0.1 . < 0.1 1.3
Carrots, parsnips, celery 90.4 84.9 12.4 92.4 1.4 0.1 . . 5.8
Lettuce, endive etc. 84.7 88.9 2.6 96.3 . 12.9 0.1 . 1.1
Sweetcorn 57.3 . 9.8 91.3 . 0.1 . . 8.1
Other root vegetables 27.8 30.5 7.5 96.2 . 0.4 . . 3.7
Cucurbits 3.8 27.1 9.0 79.4 . 9.2 . 0.6 15.3
Other vegetables 48.0 31.0 1.8 88.2 . 8.1 1.7 . 7.2
All crops 78.7 50.9 6.7 93.8 2.9 9.3 0.2 < 0.1 3.2
Table 4a Usage of pesticides on vegetable crops in Great Britain 2003 - number of spray rounds applied to crops
Insecticides Fungicides Sulphur Herbicides 1 & Growth Molluscicides Biological Soil All
& nematicides desiccants regulators & repellents control agents sterilants pesticides
Brassicas etc. 3.1 1.1 < 0.1 1.8 . 0.3 < 0.1 . 5.6
Root crucifers 2.2 0.7 0.2 1.8 . 1.0 . . 5.4
Peas and beans 1.0 0.7 0.1 2.0 . 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 3.4
Onions and leeks 1.7 4.4 < 0.1 5.7 0.2 < 0.1 . < 0.1 10.7
Carrots, parsnips, celery 3.8 2.8 0.2 2.9 < 0.1 < 0.1 . . 7.3
Lettuce, endive etc. 2.2 2.4 < 0.1 1.8 . 0.2 < 0.1 . 5.5
Sweetcorn 1.2 . 0.1 2.0 . < 0.1 . . 3.3
Other root vegetables 0.7 0.4 0.1 3.0 . 0.1 . . 4.0
Cucurbits 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.9 . 0.2 . < 0.1 1.7
Other vegetables 0.8 0.5 < 0.1 1.9 . 0.1 < 0.1 . 3.2
All crops 2.4 1.7 0.1 2.5 < 0.1 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.1 5.9
1 includes use of sodium chloride as a herbicide

11
Table 4b Usage of pesticides on vegetable crops in Great Britain 2003 - number of products applied to crops
Insecticides Fungicides Sulphur Herbicides 1
Growth Molluscicides Biological Soil All
& nematicides & desiccants regulators & repellents control agents sterilants pesticides
Brassicas etc. 4.5 1.4 < 0.1 2.1 . 0.3 < 0.1 . 8.3
Root crucifers 2.2 0.8 0.2 2.1 . 1.0 . . 6.3
Peas and beans 1.2 0.8 0.1 2.3 . 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 4.5
Onions and leeks 1.9 8.6 < 0.1 10.1 . < 0.1 . < 0.1 20.6
Carrots, parsnips, celery 4.3 3.3 0.2 4.7 . < 0.1 . . 12.5
Lettuce, endive etc. 3.8 3.2 < 0.1 2.6 . 0.2 < 0.1 . 9.7
Sweetcorn 1.2 . 0.1 2.3 . < 0.1 . . 3.7
Other root vegetables 0.8 0.5 0.1 5.2 . 0.1 . . 6.6
Cucurbits 0.1 0.5 0.1 1.3 . 0.2 . < 0.1 2.2
Other vegetables 0.9 0.5 < 0.1 2.5 . 0.1 < 0.1 . 4.1
All crops 3.1 2.6 2.6 3.7 . 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.1 9.6
Table 4c Usage of pesticides on vegetable crops in Great Britain 2003 - number of active ingredients applied to crops
Insecticides Fungicides Sulphur Herbicides 1
Growth Molluscicides Biological Soil All
& nematicides & desiccants regulators & repellents control agents sterilants pesticides
Brassicas etc. 5.0 1.9 < 0.1 2.1 . 0.3 < 0.1 . 9.3
Root crucifers 2.2 0.9 0.2 2.3 . 1.0 . . 6.6
Peas and beans 1.3 0.9 0.1 3.2 . 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 5.5
Onions and leeks 1.9 11.6 < 0.1 10.4 . < 0.1 . < 0.1 23.9
Carrots, parsnips, celery 4.3 3.5 0.2 4.9 . < 0.1 . . 12.9
Lettuce, endive etc. 3.8 3.5 < 0.1 2.6 . 0.2 < 0.1 . 10.1
Sweetcorn 1.2 . 0.1 2.4 . < 0.1 . . 3.8
Other root vegetables 0.8 0.5 0.1 5.7 . 0.1 . . 7.2
Cucurbits 0.1 0.5 0.1 1.4 . 0.2 . < 0.1 2.3
Other vegetables 1.0 0.6 < 0.1 2.7 . 0.1 < 0.1 . 4.4
All crops 3.3 3.3 0.1 3.9 . 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.1 10.7
1 includes use of sodium chloride as a herbicide

EXTENT AND QUANTITIES OF PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS USED
The estimated total areas of each crop treated in Great Britain with each pesticide formulation are illustrated in Table 5,
whilst the estimated total quantities of pesticide active substances used in each formulation are shown in Table 6.
Herbicides accounted for 40% of the total pesticide-treated area of vegetable crops grown in Great Britain in 2003,
insecticides 32%, fungicides 24%, molluscicides and repellents 3%, sulphur one percent and sodium chloride, growth
regulators, physical control agents, biological control agents, growth stimulants and soil sterilants less than one percent
each. In contrast, herbicides accounted for 52% of the total weight of pesticide active substances applied, fungicides
23%, sodium chloride 7%, sulphur 6%, insecticides 5%, soil sterilants 4%, molluscicides & repellents 2%, growth
regulators one percent, physical control agents, growth stimulants and biological control agents less than one percent.
The most extensively-used herbicide formulations were: glyphosate (10% of all herbicide applications) used on all crops
prior to drilling or planting; cyanazine (9%) used extensively on peas & beans and onions & leeks; ioxynil (8%) used
mainly on onions & leeks; propachlor, used extensively (8%) on onions & leeks; pendimethalin (7%) used extensively on
onions & leeks and carrots, parsnips & celery; and linuron (6%) used mainly on carrots, parsnips, & celery.
Pyrethroids were the most extensively-used insecticides, accounting for 51% of the insecticide-treated area, followed by
carbamates 26%, pyrethroid/carbamates 9% and organophosphates 4%. Five insecticides accounted for approximately
81% of the total insecticide-treated area of all vegetable crops: lambda-cyhalothrin (31%); pirimicarb (23%);
deltamethrin (11%); lambda-cyhalothrin/pirimicarb (6%); and cypermethrin (5%). Other extensively-used insecticides
included deltamethrin/pirimicarb, triazamate and nicotine. Aldicarb was the only nematicide recorded.
The most extensively-used fungicide formulations applied as sprays were: azoxystrobin (used principally on carrots,
vining peas and dry bulb onions); tebuconazole (used principally on carrots, Brussels sprouts, parsnips and leeks);
dimethomorph/mancozeb (used entirely on dry-bulb onions); copper oxychloride (predominantly applied to dry-bulb
onions, carrots & calabrese(as a bactericide)); and chlorothalonil (predominantly used on dry-bulb onions, Brussels
sprouts and salad onions).
Most sulphur applications were made to vining peas (45% of the total used), carrots (15%) or parsnips (14%).
Use of the growth regulator maleic hydrazide was confined mainly, 95% of the treated area, to the bulb onion crop to
prevent sprouting in store. The remaining 5% was used on carrots and parsnips in order to prevent re-growth during the
winter months.
Usage of molluscicides was confined mainly to peas & beans, comprising 42% of the total molluscicide & repellent area,
brassicas etc. a further 38%, root crucifers 12% and lettuce, endive etc. 6%. Metaldehyde (90%) and methiocarb (10%)
were the two most commonly used molluscicides.
Usage of other pesticides was minimal, with biological control being confined to the use of Bacillus thuringiensis and
Phytoseiulus persimilis. The soil sterilant dazomet was applied to less than one percent of the area treated but this
accounted for 4% of the total weight applied, reflecting the relatively high rates of application that are necessary.
12

13
Table 5 Usage of pesticides on vegetable crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (spray hectares)
Fungicides
Brassicas etc. Root Peas & Onions & Carrots etc. Lettuce Sweetcorn Other root Cucurbits Other All
crucifers beans leeks endive etc. vegetables vegetables crops
Azoxystrobin 5,387 1,013 12,507 13,200 13,566 5,948 . 264 . 1,010 52,894
Boscalid/pyraclostrobin 5,973 . . . . . . . . 16 5,989
Chlorothalonil 7,099 1 479 15,523 996 . . 237 . . 24,336
Chlorothalonil/metalaxyl 1,897 . 1,194 4,033 . . . . . . 7,124
Chlorothalonil/metalaxyl-M 3,989 1 337 9,894 . . . . . . 14,220
Copper oxychloride 1
1,614 . . 21,590 2,634 . . 806 . 78 26,723
Difenoconazole 15,513 . . . 554 . . 172 . 138 16,378
Dimethomorph/mancozeb . . . 29,508 . . . . . . 29,508
Fenpropimorph 92 . . 266 7,200 . . 234 . . 7,792
Fosetyl-aluminium . . . 520 . 1,756 . . . 486 2,762
Iprodione 453 . 563 2,797 . 3,857 . . . 348 8,019
Iprodione/thiophanate-methyl . . . . 4,899 . . . . . 4,899
Mancozeb . . . 12,683 . 4,847 . . . 115 17,645
Mancozeb/metalaxyl-M 4,282 132 . . . 2,347 . . . 446 7,208
Metalaxyl-M . . . 1,648 7,063 . . 169 . 141 9,022
Tebuconazole 9,854 445 657 4,572 17,925 11 . . . 711 34,174
Thiram . . . . . 702 . . . . 702
Triadimenol 1,291 294 . . 424 . . . . . 2,009
Vinclozolin . . 3,591 . . . . . . . 3,591
Other 2 fungicides 3 162 109 295 1,203 173 64 . . 528 22 2,557
All fungicides 57,607 1,994 19,625 117,437 55,434 19,533 . 1,883 528 3,512 277,552
Sulphur 1,001 157 4,200 200 2,572 112 216 170 267 99 8,992
1 Copper oxychloride is also used against bacterial diseases, e.g. on calabrese
2 Throughout all tables, “Other” refers to chemicals grouped together because they were applied to less than 0.1% of the total area treated with pesticides
3 Other fungicides include benomyl, bupirimate, bupirimate/triforine, carbendazim/chlorothalonil, carbendazim/iprodione, carbendazim/metalaxyl, chlorothalonil/fenpropimorph, chlorothalonil/vinclozolin, copper
oxychloride/metalaxyl, copper sulphate, cupric ammonium carbonate, dimethomorph/mancozeb, epoxiconazole/kresoxim-methyl, fenbuconazole/prochloraz, ferbam/maneb/zineb, fluazinam, imazalil, maneb/zinc, prochloraz,
propamocarb hydrochloride, propiconazole, pyrazophos, quintozene, spiroxamine, tebuconazole/triadimenol and triadimefon.

14
Table 5 (cont) Usage of pesticides on vegetable crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (spray hectares)
Brassicas etc. Root Peas & Onions & Carrots etc. Lettuce Sweetcorn Other root Cucurbits Other All
crucifers beans leeks endive etc. vegetables vegetables crops
Growth regulators
Maleic hydrazide 0 0 0 3,275 170 0 0 0 0 0 3,445
Herbicides
Atrazine . . . . . . 1,252 . . . 1,252
Bentazone . . 1,835 2,155 . . . . . . 3,991
Bentazone/MCPB . . 22,785 . . . . . . . 22,785
Chloridazon . . . 10,777 . . . . . . 10,777
Chlorpropham 8 . . 3,078 . 5,464 . . . 76 8,625
Chlorpropham/fenuron . . . 760 . . . 1 . 702 1,462
Chlorpropham/pentanochlor . . . . 1,767 . . . . 145 1,911
Chlorthal-dimethyl 639 3 375 623 . . . . . 59 1,698
Clomazone . . . . 1,654 . . . . . 1,654
Clopyralid 1,337 50 . 1,845 . . 2 574 . 852 4,660
Cyanazine 1,055 . 27,412 11,957 . . . . . . 40,424
Cycloxydim 50 . 1,484 607 25 . . . . . 2,167
Diquat/paraquat 818 83 2,667 3,166 874 231 3 28 71 1,387 9,329
Ethofumesate . . . 1,393 . . . 2,922 . . 4,315
Fluazifop-P-butyl . . 53 1,119 260 . . 122 . . 1,553
Fluroxypyr . . . 7,618 . . . . . . 7,618
Fomesafen . . 2,766 . . . . . . . 2,766
Fomesafen/terbutryn . . 8,290 . . . . . . . 8,290
Glyphosate 8,132 877 24,904 5,529 3,206 1,348 265 546 178 1,849 46,834
Ioxynil 9 . . 37,731 57 . . . . . 37,797
Lenacil . . . . . . . 1,073 . 865 1,938
Linuron . . . 1,240 24,477 . . 300 . 1,445 27,463
MCPA/MCPB . . 4,735 . . . . . . . 4,735
MCPB . . 3,560 . . . . . . . 3,560
Metamitron . . . . . . . 3,037 . 1,161 4,198
Metazachlor 15,506 1,404 . . . . . . . . 16,910
Metoxuron . . . . 14,389 . . . . . 14,389
Metribuzin . . . . 1,899 . . . . 172 2,071
Paraquat 471 . 55 360 63 10 . 23 90 412 1,483
Pendimethalin 1,431 2 151 17,898 8,597 245 210 . 7 956 29,498
Pentanochlor . . . . 3,854 . . 3 . 287 4,144
Phenmedipham . . . . . . . 4,539 . 385 4,923
Prometryn . . . 2,263 3,755 . . 1 . 308 6,327
Propachlor 11,974 639 2 16,305 10 6,305 . . . 229 35,463
2

15
Table 5 (cont) Usage of pesticides on vegetable crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (spray hectares)
Brassicas etc. Root Peas & Onions & Carrots etc. Lettuce Sweetcorn Other root Cucurbits Other All
crucifers beans leeks endive etc. vegetables vegetables crops
Herbicides (cont)
Propaquizafop 33 . . 3,216 5,685 . . 315 . 704 9,953
Propyzamide 2 . 3 . . 1,440 . 109 596 151 2,301
Tepraloxydim . . 2,914 5,209 913 . . 22 . . 9,059
Terbuthylazine/terbutryn . . 16,433 . . . . . . . 16,433
Trifluralin 19,723 1,979 591 9 726 17 . 78 6 719 23,850
Triflusulfuron-methyl . . . . . . . 1,552 . . 1,552
Other herbicides 1 2,003 162 646 1,652 408 . 934 943 654 2,071 9,473
All herbicides 63,187 5,198 121,662 136,510 72,621 15,060 2,666 16,183 1,602 14,747 449,436
Sodium chloride 4 . . . . . . 5 . 187 195
1 Other herbicides includes aziprotryne, bromoxynil, chloridazon/propachlor, chlorthal-dimethyl/propachlor, cyanazine/pendimethalin, desmedipham/ethofumesate/phenmedipham, dichlobenil, diphenamid, diquat, diuron,
ethofumesate/phenmedipham, glufosinate-ammonium, isoxaben, MCPA, pyridate, simazine, sodium monochloroacetate, tebutam and terbacil.

16
Table 5 (cont) Usage of pesticides on vegetable crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (spray hectares)
Brassicas etc. Root Peas & Onions & Carrots etc. Lettuce Sweetcorn Other root Cucurbits Other All
crucifers beans leeks endive etc. vegetables vegetables crops
Biological control agents
Other biological control agents 1 159 . 274 . . 3 . . . 98 533
Insecticides & nematicides
Aldicarb . . . 2,258 6,700 . . . . . 8,958
Alpha-cypermethrin 5,773 . 1 . . . . 11 . 217 6,002
Bifenthrin 7,528 . . . . . . . . . 7,528
Chlorfenvinphos . 2,126 . . . . . . . . 2,126
Chlorpyrifos 4,935 134 . 656 8 7 10 . . . 5,749
Cypermethrin 8,821 72 1,995 14 3,529 3,454 . . . 1,035 18,919
Deltamethrin 7,186 1,806 2,086 16,499 4,203 5,172 54 6 . 3,628 40,641
Deltamethrin/pirimicarb 12,939 . 334 . . . . . . 55 13,328
Dimethoate 2,944 . . 3,178 . 17 . . . . 6,139
Lambda-cyhalothrin 34,178 4 26,796 189 43,976 5,013 235 1,218 2 1,137 112,748
Lambda-cyhalothrin/pirimicarb 6,381 . 12,598 . 118 305 . . . 727 20,130
Nicotine 6,736 . . 8 123 4,981 . . . 354 12,202
Pirimicarb 30,880 443 32,052 12 12,185 5,673 1,180 632 39 2,276 85,371
Pymetrozine 7,218 2 . . . 957 . . . 558 8,735
Triazamate 12,589 . 57 . . . . . . . 12,645
Other insecticides & nematicides 1
1,217 6 682 66 115 3 . 2 . 17 2,108
All insecticides & nematicides 149,325 4,593 76,601 22,880 70,956 25,583 1,478 1,869 41 10,004 363,329
1 Other biological control agents includes Bacillus thuringiensis and Phytoseiulus persimilis.
2 Other insecticides includes carbosulfan, diflubenzuron, fatty acids, gamma-HCH, malathion, rotenone, sugar, triazophos, unspecified insecticides and zeta-cypermethrin.

17
Table 5 (cont) Usage of pesticides on vegetable crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (spray hectares)
Molluscicides & repellents
Brassicas etc. Root Peas & Onions & Carrots etc. Lettuce Sweetcorn Other root Cucurbits Other All
crucifers beans leeks endive etc. vegetables vegetables crops
Metaldehyde 9,877 3,785 12,652 2 1 1,348 . 7 76 348 28,095
Methiocarb 2,034 5 372 . 9 497 1 . 20 33 2,972
Other molluscicides & repellents 1
42 1 6 1 3 . . 1 1 1 56
All molluscicides & repellents 11,954 3,791 13,029 2 13 1,845 1 9 97 382 31,124
Soil sterilants
Dazomet
Molluscicides & repellents
. . 78 4 . . . . 7 . 89
Growth stimulant
Trichoderma spp. . . . . 116 . . . . . 116
Physical control agents
Natural plant extracts 2
1 Other molluscicides & repellents were unspecified molluscicides
2 Natural plant extracts were based on garlic
100 141 . 524 124 . 108 . . 209 1,206

18
Table 6 Usage of pesticides on vegetable crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (kg active substance applied)
Fungicides
Brassicas etc. Root Peas & Onions & Carrots etc. Lettuce Sweetcorn Other root Cucurbits Other All
crucifers beans leeks endive etc. vegetables vegetables crops
Azoxystrobin 1,014 149 2,409 2,288 2,859 1,337 . 51 . 173 10,279
Boscalid/pyraclostrobin 1,831 . . . . . . . . 5 1,836
Chlorothalonil 7,243 1 467 13,582 1,454 . . 340 . . 23,087
Chlorothalonil/metalaxyl 1,666 . 750 3,459 . . . . . . 5,874
Chlorothalonil/metalaxyl-M 2,723 1 198 9,076 . . . . . . 11,998
Copper oxychloride 1
1,162 . . 18,289 2,294 . . 758 . 10 22,512
Difenoconazole 1,099 . . . 69 . . 16 . 15 1,200
Dimethomorph/mancozeb . . . 42,730 . . . . . . 42,730
Fenpropimorph 52 . . 199 4,663 . . 134 . . 5,048
Fosetyl-aluminium 2 . . 834 . 3,122 . . . 952 4,910
Iprodione 233 . 157 863 . 682 . . . 139 2,075
Iprodione/thiophanate-methyl . . . . 3,055 . . . . . 3,055
Mancozeb . . . 19,805 . 7,876 . . . 158 27,838
Mancozeb/metalaxyl-M 3,225 135 . . . 3,033 . . . 525 6,917
Metalaxyl-M . . . 100 3,815 . . 10 . 8 3,933
Tebuconazole 1,377 72 107 748 3,653 1 . . . 94 6,052
Thiram . . . . . 1,092 . . . . 1,092
Triadimenol 155 37 . . 51 . . . . . 243
Vinclozolin . . 1,295 . . . . . . . 1,294
Other fungicides 2
207 273 113 107 249 165 . . 57 24 1,195
All fungicides 21,988 668 5,495 112,079 22,163 17,308 . 1,309 57 2,102 183,168
Sulphur 3,411 768 23,036 596 13,395 850 778 912 847 381 44,975
1 Copper oxychloride is also used against bacterial diseases, e.g. on calabrese
2 Other fungicides includes benomyl, bupirimate, bupirimate/triforine, carbendazim/chlorothalonil, carbendazim/iprodione, carbendazim/metalaxyl, chlorothalonil/fenpropimorph, chlorothalonil/vinclozolin, copper
oxychloride/metalaxyl, copper sulphate, cupric ammonium carbonate, dimethomorph/mancozeb, epoxiconazole/kresoxim-methyl, fenbuconazole/prochloraz, ferbam/maneb/zineb, fluazinam, imazalil, maneb/zinc, prochloraz,
propamocarb hydrochloride, propiconazole, pyrazophos, quintozene, spiroxamine, tebuconazole/triadimenol and triadimefon.

19
Table 6 (cont) Usage of pesticides on vegetable crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (kg active substance applied)
Brassicas etc. Root Peas & Onions & Carrots etc. Lettuce Sweetcorn Other root Cucurbits Other All
crucifers beans leeks endive etc. vegetables vegetables crops
Growth regulators
Maleic hydrazide . . . 10,455 . . . . . . 10,455
Herbicides & desiccants
Atrazine . . . . . . 1,144 . . . 1,144
Bentazone . . 1,035 868 . . . . . . 1,903
Bentazone/MCPB . . 30,337 . . . . . . . 30,337
Chloridazon . . . 4,018 . . . . . . 4,018
Chlorpropham 9 . . 2,397 . 4,485 . . . 70 6,961
Chlorpropham/fenuron . . . 203 . . . 8 . 4,918 5,128
Chlorpropham/pentanochlor . . . . 1,594 . . . . 205 1,799
Chlorthal-dimethyl 1,757 15 1,165 2,732 . . . . 1 203 5,873
Clomazone . . . . 148 . . . . . 148
Clopyralid 155 5 . 113 . . . 43 . 65 381
Cyanazine 812 . 6,598 1,439 . . 1 . . . 8,850
Cycloxydim 7 . 159 104 5 . . . . . 274
Diquat/paraquat 557 58 1,021 1,476 281 163 3 18 51 793 4,419
Ethofumesate . . . 369 . . . 946 . . 1,315
Fluazifop-P-butyl . . 3 241 47 . . 18 . . 309
Fluroxypyr . . . 500 . . . . . . 500
Fomesafen . . 397 . . . . . . . 397
Fomesafen/terbutryn . . 8,753 . . . . . . . 8,753
Glyphosate 7,902 1,030 21,859 5,336 3,831 1,619 316 639 226 2,236 44,994
Ioxynil 3 . . 2,881 12 . . . . . 2,896
Lenacil . . . . . . . 276 . 977 1,253
Linuron . . . 117 11,292 . . 77 . 819 12,305
MCPA/MCPB . . 2,089 . . . . . . . 2,089
MCPB . . 6,283 . . . . . . . 6,283
Metamitron . . . . . . . 4,874 . 1,014 5,888
Metazachlor 10,541 705 . . . . . . . . 11,246

20
Table 6 (cont) Usage of pesticides on vegetable crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (kg active substance applied)
Herbicides & desiccants cont.
Brassicas etc. Root Peas & Onions & Carrots etc. Lettuce Sweetcorn Other root Cucurbits Other All
crucifers beans leeks endive etc. vegetables vegetables crops
Metoxuron . . . . 18,372 . . . . . 18,372
Metribuzin . . . . 668 . . . . 116 783
Paraquat 269 . 33 262 37 7 . 14 47 339 1,008
Pendimethalin 1,850 2 176 8,767 12,815 296 250 . 10 1,228 25,394
Pentanochlor . . . . 3,857 . . 7 . 216 4,080
Phenmedipham . . . . . . . 1,388 . 47 1,436
Prometryn . . . 428 2,687 . . 1 . 235 3,351
Propachlor 49,981 2,545 8 59,433 29 10,124 . . . 823 122,944
Propaquizafop 2 . . 255 459 . . 21 . 37 775
Propyzamide 1 . 2 . . 1,513 . 130 410 178 2,233
Tepraloxydim . . 135 309 64 . . 2 . . 510
Terbuthylazine/terbutryn . . 17,502 . . . . . . . 17,502
Trifluralin 18,002 1,673 323 10 615 13 . 81 7 645 21,369
Triflusulfuron-methyl . . . . . . . 12 . . 12
Other herbicides 1 17,496 647 392 9,006 280 0 382 999 160 58,283 87,645
All herbicides 108,624 6,680 98,269 101,263 57,094 18,220 2,096 8,987 912 18,688 420,832
Sodium chloride 718 . . . . . . 568 . 54,759 56,045
1 Other herbicides include aziprotryne, bromoxynil, chloridazon/propachlor, chlorthal-dimethyl/propachlor, cyanazine/pendimethalin, desmedipham/ethofumesate/phenmedipham, dichlobenil, diphenamid, diquat, diuron,
ethofumesate/phenmedipham, glufosinate-ammonium, isoxaben, MCPA, pyridate, simazine, sodium monochloroacetate, tebutam and terbacil.

21
Table 6 (cont) Usage of pesticides on vegetable crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (kg active substance applied)
Brassicas etc. Root Peas & Onions & Carrots etc. Lettuce Sweetcorn Other root Cucurbits Other All
crucifers beans leeks endive etc. vegetables vegetables crops
Biological control agents
Other biological control agents 1
7 . 1 . .

22
Table 6 (cont) Usage of pesticides on vegetable crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (kg active substance applied)
Molluscicides & repellents
Brassicas etc. Root Peas & Onions & Carrots etc. Lettuce Sweetcorn Other root Cucurbits Other All
crucifers beans leeks endive etc. vegetables vegetables crops
Metaldehyde 4,115 2,079 6,494 1 . 397 . 5 28 110 13,230
Methiocarb 303 1 82 . 2 55 . . 4 7 454
Other molluscicides & repellents 1
182 . . . . . . . . . 182
All molluscicides & repellents 4,599 2,080 6,576 1 3 452 . 5 32 117 13,866
Soil sterilants
Dazomet
. . 33,765 1,362 . . . . 1,315 . 36,441
Growth stimulants
Trichoderma spp. . . . . 116 . . . . . 116
Physical control agents
Natural plant extracts 420 249 . 1,310 506 . 108 . . 217 2,809
1 Other molluscicides & repellents were unspecified molluscicides.

EXTENT AND QUANTITIES OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCES USED
The 50 pesticide active substances used most extensively on all vegetable crops in Great Britain in 2003 are listed in
descending order of area treated in Table 7. A similar list showing the 50 most used active substances in descending
order of weight applied is presented in Table 8. The rating of active substances varies in each list depending upon their
extent of usage, rate of application, relative activity per unit weight and their relative proportions in formulated products,
especially for those products which contain more than one active substance.
Active substances showing major increases in area treated included dimethomorph and triazamate. Usage of bifenthrin
increased by over seven times compared with 1999, that of alpha-cypermethrin by over three times, whereas the areas
treated with metalaxyl-M and mancozeb more than doubled. Usage of azoxystrobin, tepraloxydim, pymetrozine,
boscalid and pyraclostrobin were encountered for the first time on vegetable crops. Significant reductions in use were
seen in dimethoate (down 89%), metalaxyl (down by 86% and now replaced by metalaxyl-M) and cypermethrin (56%).
The ten most extensively-used active substances by area treated included four herbicides, three insecticides and three
fungicides. Usage of lambda-cyhalothrin, the most widely used insecticide, accounted for 43% of the principal three
insecticides, an increase of 17% compared with 1999. Over half of the pesticide active substances included in the
principal ten by area treated showed an increase in usage compared with 1999. Usage of glyphosate increased by 49%
compared with 1999, whereas all other herbicides in the principal ten by area treated showed a decrease in use. Usage of
mancozeb, principally on dry-bulb onions, more than doubled compared with 1999, whilst that of azoxystrobin, only
registered for use in vegetable crops since the previous survey, appeared at number 5 by area treated.
Propachlor, which decreased in weight by 12% compared with 1999, was the principal active substance applied by
weight, with most applications being made to onions & leeks and brassicas etc. Compared with 1999, the use of
mancozeb had more than doubled in terms of weight applied, in line with the increased treated area. The use of the
commodity chemical sodium chloride, applied as a herbicide mainly to asparagus and beetroot, declined by 75%
compared with 1999. Some of this use may have been applied additionally as a plant nutrient but could not be separated
from its use as a herbicide. The remaining principal seven active substances applied by weight included three herbicides,
sulphur, two fungicides and a soil sterilant.
The most extensively-used insecticide active substance by area treated was lambda-cyhalothrin, being used on almost all
crops but predominantly on carrots, parsnips & celery where it accounted for 62% of the total insecticide-treated area,
and brassicas etc. where it comprised 23%. Next was pirimicarb, increasing by 56% compared with 1999, and accounting
for 80% of the sweetcorn insecticide-treated area, 42% of the pea & bean insecticide-treated area and 21% of the
insecticide-treated area of brassicas etc. Also popular were cypermethrin, decreasing by 56% compared with 1999 and
being used predominantly on brassicas etc., triazamate, used almost exclusively on brassicas, and increasing dramatically
compared with 1999 and aldicarb, used solely on carrots, parsnips, dry-bulb onions and leeks, but declining by 16%
compared with 1999.
By weight applied, pirimicarb was the main insecticide active substance, being 16 th in the principal 50. The amount used
had increased by 57% compared with the last survey.
The four major herbicide active substances encountered in the principal ten by area were: glyphosate, showing an
increase of 49% compared with the previous survey and being encountered mainly as a pre-drilling or pre-planting
treatment to all crop groups; cyanazine, where usage decreased slightly, by 4%, being confined almost entirely to peas &
beans and onions & leeks; ioxynil, its usage decreasing by 18%, and being used almost exclusively on onions & leeks;
and propachlor, where usage again decreased slightly, by 8%, being used mainly on onions & leeks and brassicas.
23

By weight applied, four registered herbicides appeared in the principal 10 active substances reflecting their higher rates
of application in comparison with other pesticides. The usage of propachlor decreased by 12%, whilst that of glyphosate
has increased by 65% compared with 1999, in line with their changes in areas treated.
The most extensively-used fungicide active substances by area treated were mancozeb, azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil,
tebuconazole, metalaxyl-M and dimethomorph. Chlorothalonil usage was 30% less than in the last survey, being applied
primarily to onions & leeks and brassicas. Usage of tebuconazole decreased by 12% compared with 1999, being applied
primarily to carrots, parsnips & celery and brassicas. Usage of metalaxyl-M increased by 139% and was applied
primarily to onions & leeks, carrots, parsnips & celery and brassicas. Usage of dimethomorph, used on only 64 hectares
in 1999, rose to almost 30,000 treated hectares of onions & leeks in 2003.
Sulphur, the 37 th most important active substance by area treated, was the fifth most important by weight applied,
reflecting its relatively high rate of application. Although usage was mainly on peas & beans and carrots, parsnips &
celery, it was recorded as being used on all crops.
Usage of the molluscicide metaldehyde increased by 35% in terms of area treated and 46% by weight applied compared
with the previous survey in 1999.
Compared with 1999, dazomet, the only soil sterilant recorded, decreased by 19% in terms of treated area and by 55% on
weight applied.
24

Table 7 Estimated area (ha) of application of the fifty most extensively-used active substances on all vegetable crops surveyed in 2003 in Great Britain
Active substance Area treated (ha) Area treated 1999 (ha) % change on 1999 Movement
1 Lambda-cyhalothrin 132,877 114,026 17 ↑
2 Pirimicarb 118,829 76,307 56 ↑
3 Mancozeb 54,378 25,839 110 ↑
4 Deltamethrin 53,969 44,339 22 ↑
5 Azoxystrobin 52,917 . ↑
6 Glyphosate 46,834 31,431 49 ↑
7 Chlorothalonil 45,680 65,271 -30 ↓
8 Cyanazine 40,475 42,124 -4 ↓
9 Ioxynil 37,797 45,973 -18 ↓
10 Propachlor 37,112 40,153 -8 ↓
11 Tebuconazole 34,174 38,751 -12 ↓
12 MCPB 31,080 30,122 3 ↑
13 Metalaxyl-M 30,450 12,733 139 ↑
14 Pendimethalin 29,549 29,622 < -1 ↓
15 Dimethomorph 29,508 64 > 1000 ↑
16 Metaldehyde 28,095 20,789 35 ↑
17 Linuron 27,463 30,699 -11 ↓
18 Bentazone 26,776 20,260 32 ↑
19 Copper oxychloride 26,723 20,081 33 ↑
20 Terbutryn 24,723 27,345 -10 ↓
21 Trifluralin 23,850 22,380 7 ↑
22 Cypermethrin 18,919 42,648 -56 ↓
23 Metazachlor 16,910 16,293 4 ↑
24 Terbuthylazine 16,433 23,123 -29 ↓
25 Difenoconazole 16,378 9,188 78 ↑
26 Metoxuron 14,389 17,047 -16 ↓
27 Iprodione 12,918 17,029 -24 ↓
28 Triazamate 12,645 16 > 1000 ↑
29 Nicotine 12,202 9,032 35 ↑
30 Chlorpropham 11,999 9,433 27 ↑
31 Chloridazon 11,780 11,125 6 ↑
32 Fomesafen 11,055 6,389 73 ↑
33 Paraquat 10,812 13,047 -17 ↓
34 Propaquizafop 9,953 10,366 -4 ↓
35 Diquat 9,901 10,483 -6 ↓
36 Tepraloxydim 9,059 . ↑
37 Sulphur 8,992 12,783 -30 ↓
38 Aldicarb 8,958 10,717 -16 ↓
39 Pymetrozine 8,735 . ↑
40 Fenpropimorph 7,815 10,593 -26 ↓
41 Fluroxypyr 7,618 8,218 -7 ↓
42 Bifenthrin 7,528 1,014 643 ↑
43 Metalaxyl 7,124 50,257 -86 ↓
44 Prometryn 6,327 6,532 -3 ↓
45 Dimethoate 6,139 57,279 -89 ↓
46 Pentanochlor 6,055 6,468 -6 ↓
47 Alpha-cypermethrin 6,002 1,723 248 ↑
48 Boscalid 5,989 . ↑
49 Pyraclostrobin 5,989 . ↑
50 Phenmedipham 5,853 3,907 50 ↑
25

Table 8 Estimated amount (kg) of application of the fifty most extensively-used active substances on all vegetable crops surveyed in 2003 in Great
Britain
Active substance Amount used (kg) Amount used 1999 (kg) % change on 1999 Movement
1 Propachlor 128,014 145,363 -12 ↓
2 Mancozeb 72,774 34,261 112 ↑
3 Sodium chloride 56,045 222,490 -75 ↓
4 Glyphosate 44,994 27,191 65 ↑
5 Sulphur 44,975 61,884 -27 ↓
6 Chlorothalonil 39,356 59,359 -34 ↓
7 Dazomet 36,314 80,963 -55 ↓
8 Pendimethalin 25,458 27,274 -7 ↓
9 MCPB 23,257 18,977 23 ↑
10 Copper oxychloride 22,512 18,637 21 ↑
11 Trifluralin 21,369 20,820 3 ↑
12 Terbutryn 19,543 21,958 -11 ↓
13 Metoxuron 18,372 25,596 -28 ↓
14 Sodium monochloroacetate 18,137 31,389 -42 ↓
15 Bentazone 17,071 11,855 44 ↑
16 Pirimicarb 16,007 10,172 57 ↑
17 Metaldehyde 13,230 9,064 46 ↑
18 Linuron 12,305 15,178 -19 ↓
19 Aldicarb 12,074 15,160 -20 ↓
20 Chlorpropham 11,749 9,971 18 ↑
21 Metazachlor 11,246 11,252 < -1 ↓
22 Azoxystrobin 10,281 . ↑
23 Cyanazine 8,886 14,587 -39 ↓
24 Maleic hydrazide 7,393 10,445 -29 ↓
25 Chlorthal-dimethyl 7,374 5,733 29 ↑
26 Tebuconazole 6,052 6,681 -9 ↓
27 Metamitron 5,888 2,932 101 ↑
28 Pentanochlor 5,279 6,153 -14 ↓
29 Terbuthylazine 5,253 7,369 -29 ↓
30 Metalaxyl-M 5,178 4,333 19 ↑
31 Fenpropimorph 5,054 7,450 -32 ↓
32 Fosetyl-aluminium 4,910 2,969 65 ↑
33 Chloridazon 4,799 4,158 15 ↑
34 Chlorpyrifos 4,764 6,770 -30 ↓
35 Dimethomorph 4,320 10 > 1000 ↑
36 Paraquat 3,659 4,453 -18 ↓
37 Iprodione 3,603 5,370 -33 ↓
38 Prometryn 3,351 2,795 20 ↑
39 Ioxynil 2,896 4,609 -37 ↓
40 Natural plant extracts 2,808 . ↑
41 Dimethoate 2,371 22,564 -89 ↓
42 Propyzamide 2,233 4,332 -48 ↓
43 Diquat 1,998 2,305 -13 ↓
44 Nicotine 1,981 1,405 41 ↑
45 Fomesafen 1,856 1,243 49 ↑
46 Pymetrozine 1,670 . ↑
47 Phenmedipham 1,654 1,244 33 ↑
48 Thiophanate-methyl 1,535 1,628 -6 ↓
49 Ethofumesate 1,524 770 98 ↑
50 Boscalid 1,468 . ↑
26

PESTICIDE USAGE ON BRASSICAS
A full list of the crops included in this crop group can be found in Appendix 1, however calabrese, cauliflowers (autumn,
summer & winter) and Brussels sprouts were the main crops encountered. Brassicas received, on average, 3 insecticide
sprays, 2 herbicides and 1 fungicide. Insecticides accounted for 53% of the pesticide-treated area, herbicides 22%,
fungicides 20%, molluscicides 4% and sulphur, biological control agents and physical control agents less than one
percent each. However, by weight applied herbicides comprised 69% of the total weight of pesticides applied, fungicides
14%, insecticides 12%, molluscicides 3%, sulphur 2% and physical and biological control agents less than one percent
each.
The charts below illustrate the timing of applications made to the two main crops in the Brassicas etc. crop group.
Percentage of applications
Percentage of applications
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Timing of pesticide applications to Calabrese: January 2003 - December 2003
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Fungicide Herbicide Insecticide
Timing of pesticide applications to Summer & Autumn Cauliflower: January 2003 -
December 2003
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Fungicide Herbicide Insecticide
27

Pesticide usage on brassicas (continued)
Percentage of applications
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Timing of pesticide applications to Brussels Sprouts: January 2003 - December 2003
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Brassicas etc. – Sprayer water volumes
Fungicide Herbicide Insecticide
Most sprays were applied in water volumes at or over 300 litres per hectare, with a larger percentage of insecticides being
applied in water volumes over 500 litres per hectare.
Percentage of area sprayed
50
40
30
20
10
0
Sprayer water volumes used for pesticide applications to Brassicas etc. 2003
Fungicide Herbicide Insecticide
28
500 L/Ha

Brassicas etc. – Herbicides
In line with the range of crops being grown, herbicides were applied throughout the year, either as pre-planting or preemergence
applications or as applications within the growing crop for control of specific weeds. According to reasons
given by the growers, general weed control accounted for 78% of all applications made, broad-leaved weed control 16%,
with control of specific weeds such as thistles, chickweed and mayweed each accounting for one percent of the treated
area. Treatments for the control of crop volunteers comprised a further one percent. Trifluralin was used on 59% of the
total area of brassicas grown and accounted for 31% of the herbicide-treated area. Trifluralin, metazachlor and
propachlor together comprised three-quarters of the herbicide-treated area of brassicas.
Herbicide active substance Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
29
Proportion of
herbicidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Trifluralin 19,723 18,002 0.31 0.59 1.01 0.81
Metazachlor 15,506 10,541 0.25 0.46 0.98 0.88
Propachlor 11,974 49,981 0.19 0.35 0.95 0.64
Glyphosate 8,132 7,902 0.13 0.21 1.24 0.66
Pendimethalin 1,431 1,850 0.02 0.04 1.03 1.05
Brassicas etc. – Fungicides
Difenoconazole and tebuconazole were the two main fungicides used on brassicas, together accounting for 44% of the
fungicide-treated area. Most of the principal fungicides were applied at between half and full recommended rate with the
majority, 45%, being used for general disease control. Control of ringspot (Mycosphaerella brassicicola) and dark leaf
spot (Alternaria brassicae & A. brassicicola) together accounted for 31% of all applications, with white blister (Albugo
candida) control accounting for a further 9%.
Fungicide active substance
Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
Proportion of
fungicidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Difenoconazole 15,513 1,099 0.27 0.30 1.45 0.94
Tebuconazole 9,854 1,377 0.17 0.20 1.37 0.55
Chlorothalonil 7,099 7,243 0.12 0.14 1.36 0.68
Boscalid/pyraclostrobin 5,973 1,831 0.10 0.14 1.28 0.95
Azoxystrobin 5,387 1,014 0.09 0.13 1.19 0.97
Brassicas etc. – Insecticides
Aphids were the main reason given for insecticide application, accounting for 42% of all specified applications. Control
of caterpillars accounted for a further 20%, while the two reasons combined accounted for almost 79% of the insecticidetreated
area. Caterpillars of the diamond-back moth, Plutella xylostella accounted for 6% and peach potato aphid Myzus
persicae a further 3%. The control of MACE-resistant peach-potato aphids was also identified as an important issue for
brassica growers. Two formulations comprised over 40% of all insecticide applications, namely lambda-cyhalothrin
(23%) and pirimicarb (21%), with two applications of each being used on half of the area of brassicas grown.
Insecticide active substance Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
Proportion of
insecticidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Lambda-cyhalothrin 34,178 215 0.23 0.51 2.17 0.61
Pirimicarb 30,880 5,685 0.21 0.50 1.86 0.85
Deltamethrin/pirimicarb 12,939 1,942 0.09 0.23 1.54 0.97
Triazamate 12,589 587 0.08 0.19 1.77 0.87
Cypermethrin 8,821 209 0.06 0.19 1.55 0.92

Brassicas etc. – Comparison with previous survey (Tables 9 & 10)
The area of brassicas grown in 2003 had decreased by 7% compared with 1999 and by 26% compared with 1991. In line
with this reduction, the area treated fell by 13% compared with 1999, and by 4% compared with 1991. Over the same
period, the weight of pesticides applied had decreased by 18% compared with 1999, and by 41% compared with 1991,
reflecting a move to growers applying lower dose rates per hectare and to new products active at much lower rates of
application. In particular the average application rate of insecticides had fallen from 0.38 kg of active substance per
hectare in 1991 to 0.13 kg/ha in 2003. Similarly fungicide rates of application had fallen from 0.97 kg/ha in 1991 to 0.38
kg/ha in 2003, with herbicides falling from 2.57 kg/ha to 1.72 kg/ha over the same period.
The chart below illustrates that there has been little change in the number of sprays, products and active substances
applied to brassicas between 1991 and 2003.
Number of applications
10
8
6
4
2
0
Brassicas etc. – Herbicides
Summary of the number of pesticide sprays, products and active substances applied to
Brassicas etc. 1991 - 2003
1991 1995 1999 2003
30
Sprays
Products
Active substances
Herbicide usage, in terms of area treated, increased by 11% between 1999 and 2003, with the weight applied increasing
by 7%. Trifluralin has continued to be the principal herbicide active substance applied to brassicas since 1995, with all
three of the principal active substances showing little change, in terms of their importance of use, since 1991.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five herbicides in 2003 used on brassicas over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Herbicide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Trifluralin 19,723 16,786 (1) 21,521 (1) 16,885 (2)
Metazachlor 15,506 13,966 (2) 10,619 (3) 5,570 (3)
Propachlor 11,974 12,306 (3) 19,918 (2) 22,215 (1)
Glyphosate 8,132 4,258 (4) 1,938 (8) 936 (9)
Pendimethalin 1,431 858 (9) 479 (13) 102 (257)

Brassicas etc. – Fungicides
Fungicide usage on brassicas decreased by 11% between 1999 and 2003 but had increased by 42% compared with 1991.
The use of difenconazole, first recorded in 1999, accounted for over a third of the area treated with the principal five
fungicide active substances. While the use of chlorothalonil had continued to increase from 1991 to 1999, it was
replaced by tebuconazole as the principal active substance in 1999.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five fungicides in 2003 used on brassicas over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Fungicide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Difenoconazole 15,513 9,188 (3)
Tebuconazole 9,854 15,370 (1) 12,694 (2)
Chlorothalonil 7,099 14,262 (2) 13,331 (1) 9,927 (1)
Boscalid/pyraclostrobin 5,973
Azoxystrobin 5,387
Brassicas etc. – Insecticides
Organophosphate usage on brassicas decreased by 89% compared with the last survey and by 92% compared with 1991.
By contrast, the use of “other insecticides”, in particular deltamethrin/pirimicarb and triazamate, increased by more than
three times compared with 1999, with carbamates increasing by 40% over the same period. The use of pirimicarb has
shown a continual increase since 1991, in contrast to cypermethrin, which has declined in use since 1995. Triazamate
use was recorded for the first time on brassicas in the current survey.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five insecticides in 2003 used on brassicas over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Insecticide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Lambda-cyhalothrin 34,178 43,808 (2) 12,871 (6) 7,851 (6)
Pirimicarb 30,880 20,998 (4) 18,378 (4) 12,041 (3)
Deltamethrin/pirimicarb 12,939 3,681 (8)
Triazamate 12,589
Cypermethrin 8,821 22,727 (3) 72,409 (2) 43,112 (2)
31

Table 9 Comparison of pesticide usage in brassicas, 1991 - 2003, area treated (ha) and amount used (t)
Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003
ha t ha t ha t ha t
Insecticides
Benzoylureas 936 0.09 . . . . 282 0.02
Carbamates 17,081 7.86 21,908 6.68 22,662 5.11 31,637 6.74
Organochlorines 179 0.04 673 0.28 6 < 0.01 1 < 0.01
Organophosphates 103,203 63.02 118,910 56.06 71,289 37.85 7,878 5.27
Pyrethroids 68,539 1.32 108,498 2.03 79,467 0.90 63,493 0.58
Other insecticides 1,055 0.14 2,392 0.29 14,131 2.24 46,034 6.36
Total - all insecticides 190,993 72.47 252,381 65.35 187,555 46.10 149,325 18.99
Registered biological control agents 153 0.09 22 0.01 82 0.01 159 0.01
Fungicides 40,596 39.24 60,528 48.67 64,593 34.50 57,607 21.99
Sulphur 26 0.06 498 2.28 911 4.13 1,001 3.41
Herbicides 59,100 152.07 72,163 161.50 57,081 101.41 63,187 108.62
Sodium chloride 1
. . . . . . 4 0.72
Molluscicides 4,151 1.08 6,123 2.07 17,200 6.31 11,954 4.60
Repellents 169 0.06 239 0.24 5 0.02 . .
Soil sterilants 6 2.33 9 3.60 . . . .
Physical control agents . . . . . . 100 0.42
Total - all registered pesticides 295,195 267.41 391,963 283.71 327,428 192.48 283,338 158.75
Area grown 43,832 40,828 34,743 32,424
1 data on use of sodium chloride was not collected in 1991 or 1995
32

Table 10 Comparison of pesticide usage in brassicas 1991 - 2003, treated area as a percentage of area grown and average rate applied (kg a.s./ha)
Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003
Area treated Average Area treated Average Area treated Average Area treated Average
as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate
grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha)
Insecticides
Benzoylureas 2 0.09 . . . . 1 0.07
Carbamates 39 0.46 54 0.30 65 0.23 98 0.21
Organochlorines < 1 0.23 2 0.42 < 1 0.28 < 1 0.42
Organophosphates 235 0.61 291 0.47 205 0.53 24 0.67
Pyrethroids 156 0.02 266 0.02 229 0.01 196 0.01
Other insecticides 2 0.13 6 0.12 41 0.16 142 0.14
Total - all insecticides 436 0.38 618 0.26 540 0.25 461 0.13
Registered biological control agents < 1 0.60 < 1 0.33 < 1 0.18 < 1 0.05
Fungicides 93 0.97 148 0.80 186 0.53 178 0.38
Sulphur < 1 2.38 1 4.59 3 4.53 3 3.41
Herbicides 135 2.57 177 2.24 164 1.78 195 1.72
Sodium chloride 1
. . . . . . < 1 174.52
Molluscicides 9 0.26 15 0.34 50 0.37 37 0.38
Repellents < 1 0.36 1 1.00 < 1 3.20 . .
Soil sterilants < 1 364.62 < 1 389.07 . . . .
Physical control agents . . . . . . < 1 4.19
All registered pesticides 673 0.91 960 0.72 942 0.59 874 0.56
1 data on use of sodium chloride was not collected in 1991 or 1995
33

PESTICIDE USAGE ON ROOT CRUCIFERS
Crops within this group included turnips, swedes and radishes. Root crucifers received, on average, 2 insecticide sprays,
2 herbicides, 1 molluscicide and 1 fungicide. Herbicides accounted for 33% of the pesticide-treated area, insecticides
29%, molluscicides 24%, fungicides 13%, sulphur and physical control agents one percent each. By weight, herbicides
comprised 56% of the total amount of pesticides applied, molluscicides 17%, insecticides 12%, sulphur 6%, fungicides
6% and physical control agents 2%.
Percentage of applications
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Timing of pesticide applications to Turnips and Swedes: January 2003 - December 2003
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Root crucifers – Sprayer water volumes
Fungicide Herbicide Insecticide
Although most sprays were applied to root crucifers in water volumes over 400 litres per hectare, a quarter of all
insecticides, primarily to control cabbage root fly, were applied in water volumes over 500 litres per hectare.
Percentage of area sprayed
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Sprayer water volumes used for pesticide applications to Root crucifers 2003
Fungicide Herbicide Insecticide
34
500 L/Ha

Root crucifers – Herbicides
Trifluralin, the principal herbicide encountered, accounted for 38% of the total herbicide-treated area and was used on
80% of the area of root crucifers grown. Most of the principal herbicides were applied at rates between 58% and 83% of
full recommended rate. Almost all herbicides were applied for general weed control with nettle and nightshade being the
only specific weeds cited.
Herbicide active substance Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
35
Proportion of
herbicidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Trifluralin 1,979 1,673 0.38 0.80 0.99 0.83
Metazachlor 1,404 705 0.27 0.57 1.00 0.76
Glyphosate 877 1,030 0.17 0.34 1.10 0.85
Propachlor 639 2,545 0.12 0.26 1.00 0.60
Chlorthal-dimethyl/propachlor 129 631 0.02 0.05 1.00 0.58
Root crucifers – Fungicides
Azoxystrobin, used at three quarters of the full label rate, accounted for just over half of the fungicide-treated area, being
used on 38% of the area of root crucifers grown. Although general disease control was the single most important reason
for fungicide use, at 65% of the fungicide-treated area, powdery mildew accounted for a further 21%, Rhizoctonia for 8%
and Botrytis for 6%.
Fungicide active substance Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
Proportion of
fungicidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Azoxystrobin 1,013 149 0.51 0.38 1.13 0.72
Tebuconazole 445 72 0.22 0.12 1.56 0.64
Triadimenol 294 37 0.15 0.08 1.60 1.00
Mancozeb/metalaxyl-M 132 135 0.07 0.05 1.00 1.00
Tolclofos-methyl 109 273 0.05 0.04 1.00 1.00
Root crucifers – Insecticides
Chlorfenvinphos, mainly for the control of cabbage root fly, Delia radicum, accounted for almost half of all insecticide
applications and was used on 30% of the total area of root crucifers grown. Although cabbage root fly accounted for
64% of all insecticide applications, brassica flea beetles (Phyllotreta spp.) comprised the reason for a further 12% of
applications and aphids 9%.
Insecticide active substance Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
Proportion of
insecticidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Chlorfenvinphos 2,126 1,223 0.46 0.30 2.39 0.87
Deltamethrin 1,806 12 0.39 0.51 1.75 0.93
Pirimicarb 443 69 0.10 0.17 1.27 0.68
Chlorpyrifos 134 128 0.03 0.05 1.00 1.10
Cypermethrin 72 1 0.02 0.03 1.00 0.87
Root crucifers – Molluscicides
Metaldehyde accounted for almost all of the molluscicide treated area.

Root Crucifers – Comparison with previous survey (Tables 11 & 12)
The area of root crucifers grown in 2003 had decreased by 42% compared with 1999 and by 53% compared with 1991.
In line with this reduction, the area treated had fallen by 43% compared with 1999, and by 57% compared with 1991.
Over the same period, the weight of pesticides applied decreased by 50% compared with 1999, and by 70% compared
with 1991, reflecting a move to growers applying lower dose rates per hectare and to new products active at much lower
rates of application. In particular, the average application rate of insecticides had fallen from 0.75 kg of active substance
per hectare in 1991 to 0.31 kg/ha in 2003. Similarly, fungicide rates of application had fallen from 0.48 kg/ha in 1991 to
0.33 kg/ha in 2003, with herbicides falling from 1.8 kg/ha to 1.29 kg/ha over the same period.
The chart below illustrates that there has been little change in the number of sprays, products or active substances applied
to root crucifers between 1991 and 2003.
Number of applications
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Root crucifers – Herbicides
Summary of the number of pesticide sprays, products and active substances applied to
Root crucifers 1991 - 2003
1991 1995 1999 2003
36
Sprays
Products
Active substances
Since 1991, herbicide usage has continued to fall and the area treated in 2003 was 39% lower. In line with usage on
other brassicas, trifluralin continued to be the principal herbicide used on root crucifers between 1991 and 2003.
Metazachlor has been the second most important herbicide used on root crucifers since 1995.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five herbicides in 2003 used on root crucifers over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Herbicide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Trifluralin 1,979 3,259 (1) 3,265 (1) 4,385 (1)
Metazachlor 1,404 2,263 (2) 1,965 (2) 1,265 (3)
Glyphosate 877 263 (4) 117 (7) 25 (9)
Propachlor 639 1,075 (3) 595 (3) 1,453 (2)
Chlorthal-dimethyl/propachlor 129

Root crucifers etc. – Comparison with previous survey (cont)
Root crucifers – Fungicides
There was a slight increase, 14%, in the area treated with fungicides between 1999 and 2003. Although fungicide usage
on root crucifers was minimal, azoxystrobin, the principal fungicide and encountered for the first time in 2003, accounted
for 51% of all usage.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five fungicides in 2003 used on root crucifers over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Fungicide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Azoxystrobin 1,013
Tebuconazole 445 154 (5)
Triadimenol 294 481 (2) 80 (4) 833 (2)
Mancozeb/metalaxyl-M 132 317 (3)
Tolclofos-methyl 109
Root crucifers – Insecticides
Organophosphate usage on root crucifers had decreased by 77% compared with 1999 and by 84% compared with 1991.
By contrast, the use of pyrethroids more doubled between 1999 and 2003. Since 1991, chlorfenvinphos, for the control
of cabbage root fly (D. radicum), has remained the principal active substance used on root crucifers, though usage was
down considerably on that found in 1999, with a four-fold increase in the use of deltamethrin.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five insecticides in 2003 used on root crucifers over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Insecticide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Chlorfenvinphos 2,126 7,701 (1) 7,695 (1) 10,679 (1)
Deltamethrin 1,806 469 (3) 202 (8) 148 (7)
Pirimicarb 443 424 (5) 638 (5)
Chlorpyrifos 134 65 (7) 1,065 (2) 51 (9)
Cypermethrin 72 446 (4) 752 (4) 1,167 (3)
37

Table 11 Comparison of pesticide usage in root crucifers, 1991 - 2003, area treated (ha) and amount used (t)
Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003
ha t ha t ha t ha t
Insecticides
Carbamates 4,544 5.50 4,164 3.67 3,366 2.79 449 0.08
Organochlorines 12 < 0.01 . . . . . .
Organophosphates 14,001 9.53 10,346 6.68 10,012 5.80 2,260 1.35
Pyrethroids 1,510 0.03 1,110 0.02 924 0.01 1,882 0.01
Other insecticides . . 126 0.02 317 0.03 2 < 0.01
Total - all insecticides 20,067 15.07 15,746 10.39 14,619 8.64 4,593 1.44
Fungicides 5,922 2.84 2,408 1.01 1,754 1.11 1,994 0.67
Sulphur 1,886 5.81 1,246 2.59 1,200 3.74 157 0.77
Herbicides 8,509 15.33 6,829 7.95 7,553 9.61 5,198 6.68
Molluscicides 946 0.13 1,613 0.51 2,491 0.72 3,791 2.08
Physical control agents . . . . . . 141 0.25
Total - all registered pesticides 37,329 39.17 27,842 22.44 27,618 23.83 15,874 11.89
Area grown 5,274 4,171 4,237 2,465
38

Table 12 Comparison of pesticide usage in root crucifers, 1991 - 2003, treated area as a percentage of area grown and average rate applied (kg a.s./ha)
Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003
Area treated Average Area treated Average Area treated Average Area treated Average
as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate
grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha)
Insecticides
Carbamates 86 1.21 100 0.88 79 0.83 18 0.18
Organochlorines < 1 0.28 . . . . . .
Organophosphates 265 0.68 248 0.65 236 0.58 92 0.60
Pyrethroids 29 0.02 27 0.02 22 0.02 76 0.01
Other insecticides . . 3 0.15 7 0.10 < 1 0.20
Total - all insecticides 380 0.75 378 0.66 345 0.59 186 0.31
Fungicides 112 0.48 58 0.42 41 0.64 81 0.33
Sulphur 36 3.08 30 2.08 28 3.12 6 4.89
Herbicides 161 1.80 164 1.16 178 1.27 211 1.29
Molluscicides 18 0.14 39 0.32 59 0.29 154 0.55
Physical control agents . . . . . . 6 1.77
All registered pesticides 708 1.05 668 0.81 652 0.86 644 0.75
39

PESTICIDE USAGE ON PEAS & BEANS
Crops within this group included broad, French and runner beans, and peas for picking and vining. Dry harvest peas and
field beans for combining are included in surveys of arable crops not vegetables. The large area of vining peas strongly
influences the use of all pesticides within this group.
Peas & beans received, on average, 2 herbicide sprays, 1 insecticide and a fungicide. Herbicides accounted for 52% of
the pesticide-treated area, insecticides 33%, fungicides 8%, molluscicides 6%, sulphur 2% and biological control agents
and soil sterilants less than one percent. By weight, herbicides comprised 57% of the total weight of pesticides applied,
soil sterilants 20%, sulphur 13%, molluscicides 4%, fungicides 3%, insecticides 3% and biological control agents less
than one percent.
Percentage of applications
Percentage of applications
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Timing of pesticide applications to Vining Peas: January 2003 - December 2003
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Fungicide Herbicide Insecticide
Timing of pesticide applications to French Beans: January 2003 - December 2003
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Fungicide Herbicide Insecticide
40

Peas & beans – Sprayer water volumes
The area of vining peas grown dominates the total area of Peas & beans grown, this is reflected in the sprayer water
volumes illustrated in the chart below. In contrast to many other vegetable crops, vining peas are commonly grown as
part of an arable rotation; as such the water volumes used are lower, more in line with those used on arable crops than
those used on most other vegetable crops.
Percentage of area sprayed
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Peas & beans – Herbicides
Sprayer water volumes used for pesticide applications to Peas & beans 2003
Fungicide Herbicide Insecticide
41
500 L/Ha
Cyanazine was the most important herbicide recorded on peas & beans, accounting for 23% of the herbicide-treated area
and being used on 59% of the total area of peas & beans grown. Glyphosate, applied pre-drilling, accounted for a further
20% of the herbicide-treated area and 47% of the total area grown. Although accounting for a lesser-treated area than
glyphosate, bentazone/MCPB was used on 49% of the area grown. Most herbicides, 60%, were used for general weed
control, with a further 17% of applications being used for broad-leaved weed control. Crop volunteers and grass weeds
comprised a further 8% each.
Herbicide active substance Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
Proportion of
herbicidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Cyanazine 27,412 6,598 0.23 0.59 1.01 0.31
Glyphosate 24,904 21,859 0.20 0.47 1.28 0.69
Bentazone/MCPB 22,785 30,337 0.19 0.49 1.02 0.81
Terbuthylazine/terbutryn 16,433 17,502 0.14 0.36 1.01 0.65
Fomesafen/terbutryn 8,290 8,753 0.07 0.18 1.00 0.78
Peas & beans – Fungicides
Over a quarter of the area of peas and beans grown was treated with azoxystrobin, which accounted for 64% of the
fungicide-treated area. The majority of applications, 35%, were made for Botrytis control, general disease control 21%,
combinations of Botrytis and mildew 16%, Sclerotinia 10% or mildew, particularly downy mildew 14%.
Fungicide active substance Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
Proportion of
fungicidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Azoxystrobin 12,507 2,409 0.64 0.27 1.07 0.77
Vinclozolin 3,591 1,294 0.18 0.07 1.11 0.80
Chlorothalonil/metalaxyl 1,194 750 0.06 0.01 1.38 0.73
Tebuconazole 657 106 0.03 0.01 1.11 0.92
Iprodione 563 157 0.03 0.01 1.00 0.70

Peas & beans – Insecticides
Pirimicarb was the single most important insecticide active substance used on peas and beans and accounted for 42% of
the total insecticide-treated area, being used on almost two-thirds of the area grown. Together, pirimicarb and lambdacyhalothrin,
either alone or in formulated mixtures, comprised 93% of the total insecticide-treated area. Aphids were the
most important pests cited, accounting for 69% of the total treated area; pea moth (Cydia nigricana) comprised a further
11%, with combinations of aphids and caterpillars 11%, thrips (Kakothrips pisivorus) 3% and pea and bean weevil
(Sitona spp.) 2%.
Insecticide active substance
Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
42
Proportion of
insecticidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Pirimicarb 32,052 2,947 0.42 0.62 1.14 0.72
Lambda-cyhalothrin 26,796 146 0.35 0.48 1.21 0.70
Lambda-cyhalothrin/pirimicarb 12,598 1,325 0.16 0.16 1.16 0.65
Deltamethrin 2,086 15 0.03 0.03 1.46 0.94
Cypermethrin 1,995 50 0.03 0.04 1.00 0.97
Peas & beans – Molluscicides
Metaldehyde accounted for 97% of the molluscicide treated area and was used mainly on vining peas.
Peas & beans – Biological control agents
All biological control agents within this crop group were used on runner beans; with Phytoseilius persimilis for the
control of two-spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae, accounting for 92% of the total area treated. Bacillus thuringiensis
var.kurstaki, for the control of caterpillars of the Silver-Y moth, Autographa gamma, comprised the remainder.

Peas & beans – Comparison with previous survey (Tables 13 & 14)
The area of peas & beans grown in 2003 had increased by 7% compared with 1999, but had decreased by 16% compared
with 1991. However, the pesticide-treated area of peas & beans increased by 26% compared with 1999, and by 38%
compared with 1991. In line with this increase in the treated area, the weight of pesticides applied had increased by 65%
compared with 1999, and by 39% compared with 1991, with much of this increase resulting from the use of the soil
sterilant dazomet, with its relatively high rate of application, prior to the planting of pea & bean crops. Despite the
increase in the total weight applied, the average application rate of insecticides has fallen from 0.14 kg of active
substance per hectare in 1991 to 0.06 kg/ha in 2003. Similarly, fungicide rates of application had fallen from 0.68 kg/ha
in 1991 to 0.28 kg/ha in 2003, with herbicide rates falling from 0.97 kg/ha to 0.81 kg/ha over the same period.
The use of organophosphate insecticides on peas & beans was not encountered in 2003. This has, in part, contributed to
the reduction in the rate of application of insecticides to peas & beans, as organophosphate products are normally applied
at higher rates than other insecticide groups.
The chart below illustrates that there has been little change in the number of sprays, products or active substances applied
to peas & beans between 1991 and 2003.
Number of applications
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Peas & beans – Herbicides
Summary of the number of pesticide sprays, products and active substances applied to
Peas & beans 1991 - 2003
1991 1995 1999 2003
43
Sprays
Products
Active substances
Herbicide usage on peas & beans increased by 11% between 1999 and 2003, reflecting both the increased area grown and
a greater use of glyphosate pre-drilling. Cyanazine was the principal active substance used on peas & beans from 1991 to
2003. During the same period the use of glyphosate increased almost six fold.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five herbicides in 2003 used on peas & beans over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Herbicide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Cyanazine 27,412 26,530 (1) 30,535 (1) 25,019 (1)
Glyphosate 24,904 14,939 (4) 6,357 (5) 4,282 (8)
Bentazone/MCPB 22,785 15,909 (3) 23,820 (3) 11,969 (3)
Terbuthylazine/terbutryn 16,433 22,418 (2) 26,414 (2) 19,520 (2)
Fomesafen/terbutryn 8,290 4,848 (6) 2,048 (9)

Peas & beans – Fungicides
Fungicide usage on peas more than doubled between 1999 and 2003, although 2003 usage showed an increase of only
11% compared with 1999. Azoxystrobin, the principal fungicide used on peas & beans, was encountered for the first
time in 2003 and accounted for 64% of all fungicide usage. Azoxystrobin has replaced vinclozolin, the principal
fungicide used in 1991 and 1999, both active substances being used predominantly on vining peas for botrytis control.
Chlorothalonil formulated alone was the most extensively-used fungicide in 1995, but was not in the top five in 2003.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five fungicides in 2003 used on peas & beans over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Fungicide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Azoxystrobin 12,507
Vinclozolin 3,591 2,715 (1) 2,443 (2) 4,680 (1)
Chlorothalonil/metalaxyl 1,194 1,464 (2) 458 (5) 2,226 (3)
Tebuconazole 657 228 (8)
Iprodione 563 243 (7) 3 (8) 1,886 (5)
Peas & beans – Insecticides
No organophosphate usage was recorded on peas & beans in 2003, but the use of other insecticides, in particular lambdacyhalothrin/pirimicarb,
had more than doubled compared with 1999. Pirimicarb, used for aphid control, particularly in
vining peas, has been the principal insecticide active substance used between 1991 and 2003. The use of lambdacyhalothrin
continued to increase over the same period, commonly being used for the control of pea moth, (C. nigricana),
again on vining peas.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five insecticides in 2003 used on peas & beans over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Insecticide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Pirimicarb 32,052 28,136 (1) 38,312 (1) 21,788 (1)
Lambda-cyhalothrin 26,796 18,092 (2) 8,047 (3) 1,566 (7)
Lambda-cyhalothrin/pirimicarb 12,598 3,037 (4)
Deltamethrin 2,086 2,867 (5) 1,296 (8) 2,467 (5)
Cypermethrin 1,995 10,666 (3) 17,484 (2) 6,758 (2)
44

Table 13 Comparison of pesticide usage in peas and beans, 1991 - 2003, area treated (ha) and amount used (t)
Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003
ha t ha t ha t ha t
Acaricides . . 38 0.01 . . . .
Insecticides
Carbamates 21,788 2.79 38,312 4.31 28,136 2.66 32,052 2.95
Organochlorines . . 5 < 0.01 . . . .
Organophosphates 9,215 2.83 11,307 4.52 1,233 0.42 . .
Pyrethroids 12,229 0.23 26,854 0.50 31,625 0.38 31,560 0.22
Other insecticides 135 0.02 3,144 0.33 4,178 0.49 12,989 1.37
Total - all insecticides 43,367 5.86 79,622 9.67 65,172 3.96 76,601 4.54
Registered biological control agents . . . . 312 0.06 21 < 0.01
Fungicides 17,681 11.94 8,939 6.31 8,608 5.28 19,625 5.49
Sulphur . . 1,001 2.72 862 4.03 4,200 23.04
Herbicides 109,084 105.85 116,409 104.37 109,471 88.78 121,662 98.27
Molluscicides 15 < 0.01 225 0.07 2,971 1.62 13,029 6.58
Soil sterilants . . 8 2.96 . . 78 33.66
Total - all registered pesticides 170,147 123.66 206,241 126.10 187,396 103.71 235,215 171.57
Other biological control agents . . 346 < 0.01 7 < 0.01 252 0.44
Area grown 54,769 51,966 45,365 46,211
45

Table 14 Comparison of pesticide usage in peas and beans, 1991 - 2003, treated area as a percentage of area grown and average rate applied (kg
a.s./ha)
Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003
Area treated Average Area treated Average Area treated Average Area treated Average
as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate
grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha)
Acaricides . . < 1 0.16 . . . .
Insecticides
Carbamates 40 0.13 74 0.11 62 0.09 69 0.09
Organochlorines . . < 1 0.84 . . . .
Organophosphates 17 0.31 22 0.40 3 0.34 . .
Pyrethroids 22 0.02 52 0.02 70 0.01 68 0.01
Other insecticides < 1 0.13 6 0.11 9 0.12 28 0.11
Total - all insecticides 79 0.14 153 0.12 144 0.06 166 0.06
Registered biological control agents . . . . 1 0.18 < 1 0.03
Fungicides 32 0.68 17 0.71 19 0.61 42 0.28
Sulphur . . 2 2.72 2 4.67 9 5.49
Herbicides 199 0.97 224 0.90 241 0.81 263 0.81
Molluscicides < 1 0.22 < 1 0.31 7 0.55 28 0.50
Soil sterilants . . < 1 389.07 . . < 1 430.58
All registered pesticides 311 0.73 398 0.61 413 0.55 510 0.73
Other biological control agents . . 1 . . . 1 1.76
46

PESTICIDE USAGE ON ONIONS & LEEKS
Crops within this group included onions, both salad and dry bulb, leeks, shallots and garlic. Onions & leeks received, on
average, 6 herbicide sprays, 4 fungicides and 2 insecticides. Herbicides accounted for 49% of the pesticide-treated area,
fungicides 42%, insecticides 8%, growth regulators one percent and physical control agents, sulphur, soil sterilants and
molluscicides less than one percent each. By weight, fungicides comprised 49% of the total weight of pesticides applied,
herbicides 44%, growth regulators 3%, insecticides 2%, soil sterilants and physical control agents one percent and
sulphur and molluscicides less than one percent. All usage of the growth regulator maleic hydrazide was confined to drybulb
onions, 39% of the crop receiving a single application.
Percentage of applications
Percentage of applications
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Timing of pesticide applications to Dry Bulb Onions: January 2003 - December 2003
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Fungicide Herbicide Insecticide
Timing of pesticide applications to Leeks: January 2003 - December 2003
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Fungicide Herbicide Insecticide
47

Onions & leeks – Sprayer water volumes
It can be seen from the chart below that although most sprays, particularly fungicides, were applied in water volumes
below 300 litres, over half of the growth regulator, maleic hydrazide, applications were in water volumes of 300 litres or
above.
Percentage of area sprayed
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Onions & leeks - Herbicides
Sprayer water volumes used for pesticide applications to Onions & leeks 2003
Fungicide Growth regulator Herbicide Insecticide
48
500 L/Ha
Most herbicides used on onions & leeks were applied throughout the life of the crop as part of a repeat low dose
programme. This is exemplified by the relatively low proportions of full label rate used in each application, 13% in the
case of ioxynil, the principal herbicide, and the relatively high average number of applications used. Although most
herbicides were used for general weed control, 42% of the herbicide-treated area, or broad leaved weed control, 33% of
the area, many specific weeds, including knotgrass, fat hen, annual meadow grass, thistles, mayweeds, redshank, field
pansy, cleavers, fumitory, groundsel and nettles were also cited. Crop volunteers accounted for a further 6% of herbicide
usage with the control of a barley cover crop, planted to protect soil from wind erosion on exposed sites, comprising a
further one percent.
Herbicide active substance Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
Proportion of
herbicidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Ioxynil 37,731 2,881 0.28 0.92 3.23 0.13
Pendimethalin 17,898 8,767 0.13 0.85 1.45 0.48
Propachlor 16,305 59,433 0.12 0.91 1.24 0.64
Cyanazine 11,957 1,439 0.09 0.56 1.85 0.07
Chloridazon 10,777 4,018 0.08 0.58 1.46 0.41

Onions & leeks - Fungicides
The control of mildew, particularly downy mildew (Peronospora destructor), was the main reason cited for fungicide
usage on onions & leeks, where it accounted for 61% of all applications made to this crop group. Other important
specific reasons for use included Botrytis spp. 13%, leek rust (Puccinia allii) 8% and white tip of leeks (Phytophthora
porri) 6%. The principal fungicide, dimethomorph/mancozeb, was used on two thirds of the area of onions & leeks
grown and was applied on average almost four times during the life of the crop. Copper oxychloride, used both as a
foliar feed and fungicide, was used on half of the area grown and was again applied on average almost four times during
the life of the crop.
Fungicide active substance Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
49
Proportion of
fungicidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Dimethomorph/mancozeb 29,508 42,730 0.25 0.67 3.59 0.98
Copper oxychloride 21,590 18,289 0.18 0.50 3.51 0.89
Chlorothalonil 15,523 13,582 0.13 0.48 2.80 0.86
Azoxystrobin 13,200 2,288 0.11 0.63 1.72 0.78
Mancozeb 12,683 19,805 0.11 0.41 2.54 0.81
Onions & Leeks – Insecticides & nematicides
Three applications of deltamethrin were applied to over half of the area of onions & leeks grown, with most applications
being applied at or near full label rate. The most important reason given for insecticide usage, 83% of the insecticide and
nematicide-treated area, was control of the onion thrips (Thrips tabaci). One other important reason for use, 8% of the
insecticide and nematicide-treated area, included the control of the stem and bulb nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) on drybulb
onions, normally achieved using granular aldicarb applications at the time of drilling or planting.
Insecticide active substance
Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
Proportion of
insecticidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Deltamethrin 16,499 122 0.72 0.55 2.69 0.97
Dimethoate 3,178 1,209 0.14 0.10 2.10 0.92
Aldicarb 2,258 3,059 0.10 0.18 0.97 0.29
Chlorpyrifos 656 498 0.03 0.05 1.00 0.76
Lambda-cyhalothrin 189 1 0.01 0.01 1.72 0.57

Onions & leeks – Comparison with previous survey (Tables 15 & 16)
The area of onions & leeks grown in 2003 had decreased by 24% compared with 1999, but increased by 6% compared
with 1991. The pesticide-treated area of onions & leeks increased by 5% compared with 1999, and had more than
doubled compared with 1991. In contrast to the increase in the treated area, the weight of pesticides applied decreased by
5% compared with 1999, but increased by 57% compared with 1991. The increase in the area treated reflects the
increased use of repeat low dose applications with herbicides and a greater awareness of the need to control both downy
mildew and onion thrips. Despite the increase in the total area treated the average application rate of insecticides had
fallen from 0.51 kg of active substance per hectare in 1991 to 0.22 kg/ha in 2003. Similarly, fungicide rates of
application fell from 1.01 kg/ha in 1991 to 0.95 kg/ha in 2003, while herbicide rates fell from 1.39 kg/ha to 0.74 kg/ha
over the same period.
The charts below illustrates that there has been a gradual increase in the number of sprays, products and active substances
applied to onions & leeks between 1991 and 2003. In particular, the use of fungicide applications has increased from two
products used in 1991 to eight products in 2003, whilst the number of active substances applied has increased from four
to twelve over the same period.
Number of applications
Numbers of applications
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Summary of the number of pesticide sprays, products and active substances applied to
Onions & leeks 1991 - 2003
1991 1995 1999 2003
50
Sprays
Products
Summary of the number of fungicide sprays, products and active substances applied to
Onions & leeks 1991 - 2003
1991 1995 1999 2003
Active substances
Sprays
Products
Active substances

Onions & leeks – Herbicides
Herbicide usage fell by 11% between 1999 and 2003, in line with the decrease in the area grown. Ioxynil remained the
principal herbicide active substance used on onions & leeks, although the use of chloridazon has continued to increase in
use since its first occurrence in 1995.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five herbicides in 2003 used on onions & leeks over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Herbicide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Ioxynil 37,731 45,938 (1) 35,365 (1) 15,491 (1)
Pendimethalin 17,898 17,119 (3) 8,650 (4) 5,102 (5)
Propachlor 16,305 19,215 (2) 14,443 (2) 11,679 (3)
Cyanazine 11,957 14,945 (4) 11,617 (3) 6,182 (4)
Chloridazon 10,777 9,628 (5) 2,182 (11)
Onions & leeks - Fungicides
Dimethomorph/mancozeb was only used on a small area in 1999 but it has now replaced chlorothalonil as the most
widely used fungicide on onions and leeks. Despite the fall in the area grown between 1999 and 2003, the area treated
with fungicides had increased by 43%, reflecting the increased pressure to control downy mildew.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five fungicides in 2003 used on onions & leeks over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Fungicide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Dimethomorph/mancozeb 29,508 64 (15)
Copper oxychloride 21,590 15,176 (3) 2,835 (5) 1,460 (8)
Chlorothalonil 15,523 20,661 (1) 14,863 (1) 6,593 (1)
Azoxystrobin 13,200
Mancozeb 12,683 691 (10) 622 (9) 907 (10)
Insecticides – Onions & leeks
Overall usage of insecticides fell by 8% in terms of area treated between 1999 and 2003. However, the area treated in
2003 was three times greater than that in 1991. The usage of organophosphates fell by 43% between 1999 and 2003,
with pyrethroids increasing by 12% over the same period. Deltamethrin, used primarily for the control of onion thrips (T.
tabaci), continued to the most important insecticide active substance used on onions & leeks.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five insecticides in 2003 used on onions & leeks over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Insecticide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Deltamethrin 16,499 14,784 (1) 8,008 (1) 2,486 (1)
Dimethoate 3,178 1,935 (3) 435 (6) 397 (5)
Chlorpyrifos 656 2,731 (2) 1,312 (4) 456 (4)
Lambda-cyhalothrin 189 62 (9) 25 (11)
Malathion 43 16 (12) 27 (11)
51

Table 15 Comparison of pesticide usage in onions & leeks, 1991 - 2003, area treated (ha) and amount used (t)
Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003
ha t ha t ha t ha t
Insecticides
Benzoylureas . . . . 96 < 0.01 . .
Carbamates 2,235 2.53 1,956 2.48 3,042 4.10 2,270 3.06
Organochlorines . . 59 0.03 . . . .
Organophosphates 1,695 1.14 3,688 2.87 6,810 4.10 3,877 1.76
Pyrethroids 3,321 0.04 10,131 0.12 14,934 0.11 16,702 0.12
Other insecticides 63 0.01 45 0.01 . . 31 < 0.01
Total - all insecticides 7,313 3.72 15,879 5.51 24,883 8.31 22,880 4.94
Fungicides 33,114 33.41 41,296 34.48 81,884 73.59 117,437 112.08
Sulphur . . 260 0.50 2,160 12.31 200 0.60
Growth regulators 3,837 10.88 4,616 11.85 4,995 10.44 3,275 6.49
Herbicides 69,722 97.23 110,066 124.45 154,130 134.23 136,510 101.26
Molluscicides . . 28 0.01 240 0.07 2 < 0.01
Repellents . . 4 0.01 . . . .
Soil sterilants . . . . . . 4 1.36
Physical control agents . . . . . . 524 1.31
Total - all registered pesticides 113,986 145.24 172,148 176.81 268,291 238.95 280,830 228.05
Area grown 11,670 13,477 16,289 12,392
52

Table 16 Comparison of pesticide usage in onions & leeks, 1991 - 2003, treated area as a percentage of area grown and average rate applied (kg a.s./ha)
Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003
Area treated Average Area treated Average Area treated Average Area treated Average
as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate
grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha)
Insecticides
Benzoylureas . . . . 1 0.02 . .
Carbamates 19 1.13 15 1.27 19 1.35 18 1.35
Organochlorines . . < 1 0.51 . . . .
Organophosphates 15 0.68 27 0.78 42 0.60 31 0.45
Pyrethroids 28 0.01 75 0.01 92 0.01 135 0.01
Other insecticides 1 0.13 < 1 0.13 . . < 1 0.04
Total - all insecticides 63 0.51 118 0.35 153 0.33 185 0.22
Fungicides 284 1.01 306 0.84 503 0.90 948 0.95
Sulphur . . 2 1.93 13 5.70 2 2.98
Growth regulators 33 2.84 34 2.57 31 2.09 26 1.98
Herbicides 597 1.39 817 1.13 946 0.87 1,102 0.74
Molluscicides . . < 1 0.23 1 0.31 < 1 0.64
Repellents . . < 1 3.40 . . . .
Soil sterilants . . . . . . < 1 378.30
Physical control agents . . . . . . 4 2.50
All registered pesticides 977 1.27 1,277 1.03 1,647 0.89 2,266 0.81
53

PESTICIDE USAGE ON CARROTS, PARSNIPS & CELERY
Crops within this group included carrots, parsnips and celery. Carrots etc. received, on average, 4 insecticide sprays, 3
herbicides and 3 fungicides. Herbicides accounted for 36% of the pesticide-treated area, insecticides 35%, fungicides
27%, sulphur one percent and growth regulators, physical control agents, growth stimulants and molluscicides less than
one percent each. By weight, herbicides comprised 54% of the total weight of pesticides applied, fungicides 21%,
sulphur 13%, insecticides 11%, growth regulators one percent and physical control agents, growth stimulants and
molluscicides less than one percent.
All usage of the growth regulator maleic hydrazide was confined to either parsnips, where 5% of the crop was treated
with a single application, or carrots, where less than one percent of the crop received a single application. All
applications of maleic hydrazide were made in October.
Percentage of applications
Percentage of applications
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Timing of pesticide applications on Carrots: January 2003 - December 2003
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Fungicide Herbicide Insecticide
Timing of pesticide applications to Parsnips: January 2003 - December 2003
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Fungicide Herbicide Insecticide
54

Carrots, parsnips, celery – Sprayer water volumes
Although over 40% of applications of herbicides, insecticides and fungicides were applied in sprayer water volumes of
between 200 and 300 litres of water per hectare, the majority of growth regulators and over 30% of fungicides and
herbicides were applied in water volumes of between 400 and 500 litres of water per hectare.
Percentage of area sprayed
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Sprayer water volumes used for pesticide applications to Carrots, parsnips & celery 2003
Fungicide Growth regulator Herbicide Insecticide
Carrots, parsnips, celery – Herbicides
55
500 L/Ha
According to reasons given by the growers, general weed control and broad-leaved weed control accounted for 62% and
17% of the herbicide-treated area respectively. However, usage for the control of crop volunteers comprised a further 8%
of the area and the removal of a barley cover crop in fields susceptible to wind erosion 2%. Linuron was used on almost
all carrots etc., with most crops receiving two applications on average. The table below shows that most herbicides were
applied below the full label rate confirming the use of a repeat low dose programme.
Herbicide active substance Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
Proportion of
herbicidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Linuron 24,477 11,292 0.34 0.88 1.80 0.47
Metoxuron 14,389 18,372 0.20 0.71 1.44 0.30
Pendimethalin 8,597 12,815 0.12 0.65 1.00 0.77
Propaquizafop 5,685 459 0.08 0.38 1.15 0.56
Pentanochlor 3,854 3,857 0.05 0.22 1.26 0.50

Carrots, parsnips, celery – Fungicides
Twenty three percent of fungicides were used for general disease control, the most common reason given, leaf blight
(Alternaria dauci), mildew, cavity spot (Pythium spp.) and crown rot accounted for a further 16%, 16%, 12% and 11%
respectively. Most fungicides were applied at or near the full label rate, with most crops receiving two applications of
tebuconazole and azoxystrobin.
Fungicide active substance Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
56
Proportion of
fungicidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Tebuconazole 17,925 3,653 0.32 0.62 1.96 0.80
Azoxystrobin 13,566 2,859 0.24 0.55 1.61 0.87
Fenpropimorph 7,200 4,663 0.13 0.29 1.86 0.89
Metalaxyl-M 7,063 3,815 0.13 0.54 0.99 0.80
Iprodione/thiophanate-methyl 4,899 3,055 0.09 0.31 1.24 0.92
Carrots, parsnips, celery – Insecticides
The use of lambda-cyhalothrin accounted for 62% of the insecticide-treated area with an average of three applications, at
full label rate, being used on 85% of the total area grown. Pirimicarb was used on almost half of the area grown with two
applications being used on average.
Carrot fly (Psila rosae) was the principal reason for control, accounting for 52% of the insecticide-treated area. The
control of aphids comprised a further 29% of the insecticide-treated area, with willow carrot aphid (Cavariella
aegopodii) being the most commonly cited species. The control of Parsnip Yellow Fleck Virus, transmitted by the
willow carrot aphid, was also cited as a reason in addition to aphid control on 6% of the insecticide-treated area. All
uses of insecticides for both carrot fly and aphids accounted for 77% of the total insecticide-treated area. The use of
aldicarb, on 51% of the area grown, was primarily for the control of nematodes (Longidorus and Trichodorus spp.) which
cause stunting and fanging in carrots and parsnips.
Insecticide active substance
Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
Proportion of
insecticidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Lambda-cyhalothrin 43,978 626 0.62 0.85 3.32 0.99
Pirimicarb 12,185 1,440 0.17 0.47 1.97 0.91
Aldicarb 6,700 9,015 0.09 0.51 1.00 0.35
Deltamethrin 4,203 29 0.06 0.17 2.30 0.96
Cypermethrin 3,529 84 0.05 0.26 1.03 1.00

Carrots, parsnips, celery – Comparison with previous survey (Tables 17 & 18)
The area of carrots etc. grown in 2003 had decreased by 18% compared with 1999 and by 31% compared with 1991.
However, the pesticide-treated area had only decreased by 4% compared with 1999, and increased by 16% compared
with 1991. In contrast to the 4% decrease in the treated area between 1999 and 2003, the weight of pesticides applied
decreased by 34% compared with 1999, and by 53% compared with 1991. The average application rate of insecticides
had fallen from 0.79 kg of active substance per hectare in 1991 to 0.16 kg/ha in 2003. Similarly fungicide rates of
application had fallen from 5.23 kg/ha in 1991 to 0.40 kg/ha in 2003 with herbicide usage falling from 1.1 kg/ha to 0.79
kg/ha over the same period.
The charts below illustrate that there has been a gradual increase in the number of sprays, products and active substances
applied to carrots etc. between 1991 and 2003. In particular the use of fungicide applications has increased from one
product used in 1991 to three products in 2003.
Number of applications
Number of applications
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
4
3
2
1
0
Summary of the number of pesticide sprays, products and active substances applied to
Carrots, parsnips & celery 1991 - 2003
1991 1995 1999 2003
57
Sprays
Products
Summary of the number of fungicide sprays, products and active substances applied to
Carrots, parsnips & celery 1991 - 2003
1991 1995 1999 2003
Active substances
Sprays
Products
Active substances

Carrots, parsnips, celery – Herbicides
Herbicide usage decreased by 12% between 1999 and 2003 but increased by 8% in 2003 compared with 1991. The
positions of linuron, metoxuron and pendimethalin have remained unchanged since 1991.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five herbicides in 2003 used on carrots, parsnips & celery over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Herbicide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Linuron 24,477 28,964 (1) 31,887 (1) 32,556 (1)
Metoxuron 14,389 17,047 (2) 15,124 (2) 16,559 (2)
Pendimethalin 8,597 10,756 (3) 9,663 (3) 3,933 (3)
Propaquizafop 5,685 4,207 (5) 1,623 (7)
Pentanochlor 3,854 5,423 (4) 1,126 (8) 2,020 (7)
Carrots, parsnips, celery – Fungicides
Fungicide usage, in terms of area treated, had increased by 15% compared with 1999 and by four times compared with
1991. None of the current top five fungicides were used in 1991 and azoxystrobin has replaced fenpropimorph as the
second most important fungicide used on carrots etc.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five fungicides in 2003 used on carrots, parsnips & celery over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Fungicide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Tebuconazole 17,925 18,421 (1)
Azoxystrobin 13,566
Fenpropimorph 7,200 8,471 (2) 7,764 (2)
Metalaxyl-M 7,063 7,964 (3)
Iprodione/thiophanate-methyl 4,899 3,513 (4) 6,005 (3)
Carrots, parsnips, celery – Insecticides
Usage of insecticides, in terms of area treated, had declined by 2% compared with 1999 and by 23% compared with
1991. In terms of weight applied, insecticide use has fallen by 44% compared with 1999 and by 84% compared with
1991. There was limited usage of organophosphates in 2003, these having declined by 99% compared with 1999. By
contrast, the area treated with carbamates increased by 56% and that of pyrethroids by 6%. Lambda-cyhalothrin
remained the principal active substance, as it was in 1999.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five insecticides in 2003 used on carrots, parsnips & celery over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Insecticide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Lambda-cyhalothrin 43,976 41,877 (1) 6,313 (4)
Pirimicarb 12,185 3,845 (4) 6,903 (3) 9,566 (3)
Deltamethrin 4,203 5,534 (3) 18 (15) 65 (13)
Cypermethrin 3,529 1,503 (5) 18,299 (2) 7,041 (5)
Nicotine 123 57 (12)
58

Table 17 Comparison of pesticide usage on carrots, parsnips etc., 1991 - 2003, area treated (ha) and amount used (t)
Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003
ha t ha t ha t ha t
Insecticides
Carbamates 15,450 7.01 13,995 9.63 12,145 12.07 18,984 10.56
Organochlorines . . . . 2 < 0.01 . .
Organophosphates 69,485 65.74 38,656 36.13 10,192 7.16 13 0.01
Pyrethroids 7,105 0.23 24,630 0.55 48,914 0.65 51,708 0.74
Other insecticides 12 < 0.01 37 < 0.01 1,459 0.23 251 0.05
Total - all insecticides 92,053 72.98 77,317 46.31 72,712 20.11 70,956 11.36
Fungicides 13,799 72.13 30,431 69.34 48,169 30.66 55,434 22.16
Sulphur 1,246 6.36 5,980 28.94 7,424 36.83 2,572 13.40
Growth regulators . . . . . . 170 0.90
Herbicides 67,415 74.17 69,476 67.17 82,584 72.18 72,621 57.09
Molluscicides . . 20 0.01 340 0.09 13 < 0.01
Soil sterilants . . . . 5 0.83 . .
Physical control agents . . . . . . 124 0.51
Growth stimulants . . . . . . 116 0.12
Total - all registered pesticides 174,513 225.64 183,226 211.75 211,234 160.69 202,006 105.54
Area grown 18,981 16,469 15,851 13,062
59

Table 18 Comparison of pesticide usage in carrots, parsnips etc., 1991 - 2003, treated area as a percentage of area grown and average rate applied (kg
a.s./ha)
Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003
Area treated Average Area treated Average Area treated Average Area treated Average
as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate
grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha)
Insecticides
Carbamates 81 0.45 85 0.69 77 0.99 145 0.56
Organochlorines . . . . < 1 0.01 . .
Organophosphates 366 0.95 235 0.93 64 0.70 < 1 0.89
Pyrethroids 37 0.03 150 0.02 309 0.01 396 0.01
Other insecticides . . . . 9 0.16 2 0.22
Total - all insecticides 485 0.79 469 0.60 459 0.28 543 0.16
Fungicides 73 5.23 185 2.28 304 0.64 424 0.40
Sulphur 7 5.10 36 4.84 47 4.96 20 5.21
Growth regulators . . . . . . 1 5.30
Herbicides 355 1.10 422 0.97 521 0.87 556 0.79
Molluscicides . . < 1 0.25 2 0.27 < 1 0.19
Soil sterilants . . . . < 1 152.00 . .
Physical control agents . . . . . . 1 4.07
Growth stimulants . . . . . . 1 1.00
All registered pesticides 919 1.29 1,113 1.16 1,333 0.76 1,547 0.52
60

PESTICIDE USAGE ON LETTUCE, ENDIVE ETC.
Crops within this group included endive, Chinese cabbage and lettuce, including cos and iceberg types, but not those
grown for baby leaf production. Lettuce, endive etc. received, on average, 2 fungicide sprays, 2 insecticides and 2
herbicides. Insecticides accounted for 41% of the pesticide-treated area, fungicides 31%, herbicides 24%, molluscicides
3%, sulphur and biological control agents less than one percent. By weight, herbicides comprised 47% of the total
weight of pesticides applied, fungicides 44%, insecticides 5%, sulphur 2%, molluscicides one percent and biological
control agents less than one percent.
Percentage of applications
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Timing of pesticide applications to Lettuce: January 2003 - December 2003
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Lettuce, endive etc. – Sprayer water volumes
Fungicide Herbicide Insecticide
Most applications of herbicides, insecticides and fungicides were applied in sprayer water volumes of between 400 and
500 litres per hectare, with less than 10% using volumes either under 200 litres per hectare or over 500 litres per hectare.
Percentage of area sprayed
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Sprayer water volumes used for pesticide applications to Lettuce, endive etc. 2003
Fungicide Herbicide Insecticide
61
500 L/Ha

Lettuce, endive etc. – Herbicides
General weed control and broad-leaved weed control accounted for 52% and 47% of the herbicide-treated area
respectively. Propachlor was used on almost all lettuce etc., with most crops, 84% of the area grown, receiving a single
application on average. The use of chlorpropham was also extensive, with 59% of the area grown receiving two
applications each at approximately half the recommended rate.
Herbicide active substance Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
62
Proportion of
herbicidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Propachlor 6,305 10,124 0.42 0.84 1.27 0.60
Chlorpropham 5,464 4,485 0.36 0.59 1.59 0.53
Propyzamide 1,440 1,513 0.10 0.26 1.00 0.81
Glyphosate 1,348 1,619 0.09 0.22 1.06 0.90
Pendimethalin 245 296 0.02 0.04 1.00 0.61
Lettuce, endive etc. – Fungicides
Although two thirds of fungicide treatments were against downy mildew (Bremia lactucae), control of grey mould
(Botrytis cinerea) accounted for a further 19% of the fungicide-treated area. Azoxystrobin and mancozeb were the two
active substances most frequently encountered, being used on 76% and 69% of the total area grown respectively.
Fungicide active substance Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
Proportion of
fungicidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Azoxystrobin 5,948 1,337 0.30 0.76 1.23 0.94
Mancozeb 4,847 7,876 0.25 0.69 1.18 0.52
Iprodione 3,857 682 0.20 0.41 1.51 0.56
Mancozeb/metalaxyl-M 2,347 3,033 0.12 0.39 1.01 1.00
Fosetyl-aluminium 1,756 3,122 0.09 0.23 1.08 0.70
Lettuce, endive etc. – Insecticides
Pirimicarb was the most extensively-used insecticide on lettuce etc. with two applications being applied to over half of
the area grown. Most insecticide applications were made for the control of aphids, 43%, caterpillars 43% or a
combination of the two 3%.
Insecticide active substance
Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
Proportion of
insecticidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Pirimicarb 5,673 783 0.22 0.54 1.66 0.55
Deltamethrin 5,172 33 0.20 0.54 1.50 1.02
Lambda-cyhalothrin 5,013 36 0.20 0.59 1.46 0.95
Nicotine 4,981 904 0.19 0.44 1.77 0.79
Cypermethrin 3,454 86 0.14 0.46 1.39 1.00
Lettuce, endive etc. – Molluscicides
The use of metaldehyde accounted for 73% of the molluscicides used on lettuce etc. with methiocarb comprising the
remaining 27%.

Lettuce, endive etc. – Comparison with previous survey (Tables 19 & 20)
The area of lettuce etc. grown in 2003 had decreased by 6% compared with 1999 and by 36% compared with 1991.
However, the pesticide-treated area of lettuce etc. increased by 4% compared with 1999, but decreased by 35% compared
with 1991. In contrast to the 4% increase in the treated area between 1999 and 2003, the weight of pesticides applied
decreased by 28% compared with 1999, and by 36% compared with 1991. This apparent anomaly is due mainly to the
absence of soil sterilants recorded in the current survey on this crop. The average application rate of insecticides had
fallen from 0.22 kg of active substance per hectare in 1991 to 0.08 kg/ha in 2003. Similarly fungicide rates of application
fell from 1.05 kg/ha in 1991 to 0.89 kg/ha in 2003 with herbicides falling from 1.53 kg/ha to 1.21 kg/ha over the same
period.
The chart below illustrates that there has been a gradual decrease in the number of sprays, products and active substances
applied to lettuce etc. since 1995. This may, in part, be due to an increased use of modular plants and the reduction in the
number of sprays used because of the reduced time, and therefore susceptibility to pests, diseases and weeds, between
planting and harvesting.
Number of applications
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Summary of the number of pesticide sprays, products and active substances applied to
Lettuce, endive etc. 1991 - 2003
1991 1995 1999 2003
63
Sprays
Products
Active substances

Lettuce, endive etc. – Herbicides
Herbicide usage, in terms of area treated, increased by 2% between 1999 and 2003. Propachlor remained the principal
herbicide active substance, as in 1999. The use of chlorpropham, in terms of area treated and its importance in
comparison to other herbicides used on lettuce, has continued to increase since 1991.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five herbicides in 2003 used on lettuce, endive etc. over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Herbicide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Propachlor 6,305 5,814 (1) 4,500 (2) 3,779 (2)
Chlorpropham 5,464 3,242 (3) 2,359 (3) 1,151 (4)
Propyzamide 1,440 3,756 (2) 4,839 (1) 5,737 (1)
Glyphosate 1,348 595 (5) 1,415 (4) 68 (8)
Pendimethalin 245 317 (6) 205 (7) 203 (7)
Lettuce, endive etc. – Fungicides
In terms of area treated, fungicide usage increased by 13% between 1999 and 2003 but had decreased by 25% in 2003
compared with 1991. By weight applied, fungicide usage had decreased slightly (by 4%) compared with 1999, but had
fallen by 37% compared with 1991. Encountered for the first time in 2003 was azoxystrobin, replacing iprodione as the
principal active substance used.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five fungicides in 2003 used on lettuce, endive etc. over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Fungicide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Azoxystrobin 5,948
Mancozeb 4,847 1,700 (4) 3,923 (3)
Iprodione 3,857 6,848 (1) 11,724 (1) 8,162 (1)
Mancozeb/metalaxyl-M 2,347
Fosetyl-aluminium 1,756 1,517 (5) 620 (6) 334 (8)
Lettuce, endive etc. – Insecticides
Insecticide usage in 2003, in terms of area treated, was 4% greater than in 1999, but 54% less than in 1991. By weight
applied, the total used in 2003 was 39% less than in 1999 but 83% less than in 1991. Usage of organophosphate
insecticides in 2003 was minimal, having fallen from a maximum treated area of 22,586 hectares in 1991. Usage of
pyrethroids increased by 29% between 1999 and 2003, with “other insecticides”, particularly nicotine, increasing by 97%
over the same period. Pirimicarb was the principal active substance used in the surveyed years 1991, 1995, 1999 and
2003.
64

Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five insecticides in 2003 used on lettuce, endive etc. over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Insecticide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Pirimicarb 5,673 6,234 (1) 20,657 (1) 17,328 (1)
Deltamethrin 5,172 5,491 (2) 3,437 (5) 7,081 (4)
Lambda-cyhalothrin 5,013 287 (10) 115 (11)
Nicotine 4,981 1,017 (6) 1,596 (7)
Cypermethrin 3,454 4,798 (3) 10,175 (2) 8,015 (3)
Table 19 Comparison of pesticide usage in lettuce, endive etc., 1991 - 2003, area treated (ha) and amount used (t)
Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003
ha t ha t ha t ha t
Insecticides
Carbamates 17,328 2.47 20,657 3.03 6,234 0.99 5,673 0.78
Organophosphates 22,586 9.36 12,666 4.24 4,576 1.82 25 0.01
Pyrethroids 15,205 0.28 13,802 0.27 10,577 0.16 13,639 0.16
Other insecticides . . 2,077 0.37 3,177 0.46 6,246 1.14
Total - all insecticides 55,118 12.11 49,203 7.92 24,564 3.43 25,583 2.10
Registered biological control agents 620 0.09 622 0.06 . . 3 < 0.01
Fungicides 26,176 27.60 25,973 22.85 17,264 17.94 19,533 17.31
Sulphur . . 34 0.13 . . 112 0.85
Herbicides 13,573 20.80 14,094 20.30 14,801 20.74 15,060 18.22
Molluscicides 38 0.01 439 0.20 3,316 1.24 1,845 0.45
Soil sterilants 1 0.42 11 4.10 14 10.42 . .
Total - all registered pesticides 95,527 61.04 90,375 55.55 59,960 53.77 62,136 38.93
Area grown 8,646 6,855 5,858 5,513
65

Table 20 Comparison of pesticide usage in lettuce, endive etc., 1991 - 2003, treated area as a percentage of area grown and average rate applied (kg
a.s./ha)
Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003
Area treated Average Area treated Average Area treated Average Area treated Average
as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate
grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha)
Insecticides
Carbamates 200 0.14 301 0.15 106 0.16 103 0.14
Organophosphates 261 0.41 185 0.33 78 0.40 < 1 0.52
Pyrethroids 176 0.02 201 0.02 181 0.01 247 0.01
Other insecticides . . 30 0.18 54 0.15 113 0.18
Total - all insecticides 638 0.22 718 0.16 419 0.14 464 0.08
Registered biological control agents 7 0.15 9 0.09 . . < 1 0.03
Fungicides 303 1.05 379 0.88 295 1.04 354 0.89
Sulphur . . < 1 3.85 . . 2 7.61
Herbicides 157 1.53 206 1.44 253 1.40 273 1.21
Molluscicides < 1 0.21 6 0.44 57 0.37 33 0.25
Soil sterilants < 1 376.18 < 1 384.15 < 1 742.50 . .
All registered pesticides 1,105 0.64 1,318 0.61 1,024 0.90 1,127 0.63
66

PESTICIDE USAGE ON SWEETCORN
Sweetcorn received, on average, 2 herbicide sprays and an insecticide. Herbicides accounted for 60% of the pesticidetreated
area, insecticides 33%, sulphur 5%, physical control agents 2% and molluscicides less than one percent. By
weight herbicides comprised 66% of the total weight of pesticides applied, sulphur 25%, insecticides 5%, physical
control agents 3% and molluscicides less than one percent.
Percentage of applications
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Timing of pesticide applications to Sweetcorn: January 2003 - December 2003
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Sweetcorn – Sprayer water volumes
Herbicide Insecticide
Most applications of herbicides and insecticides were in sprayer water volumes of between 200 and 300 litres of water
per hectare.
Percentage of area sprayed
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Sprayer water volumes used for pesticide applications to Sweetcorn 2003
Herbicide Insecticide
67
500 L/Ha

Sweetcorn – Herbicides
General weed control and broad-leaved weed control together accounted for 96% of the herbicide-treated area, the only
other reason given for herbicide usage being the control of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum). Atrazine was used on
almost all sweetcorn, with the majority of crops, 86% of the area grown, receiving a single application at just over half
the maximum recommended rate. The use of bromoxynil was also extensive, with 65% of the area grown receiving a
single application at approximately half rate.
Herbicide active substance Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
68
Proportion of
herbicidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Atrazine 1,252 1,144 0.47 0.86 1.27 0.59
Bromoxynil 865 264 0.32 0.65 1.31 0.51
Glyphosate 265 316 0.10 0.24 1.00 0.85
Pendimethalin 210 250 0.08 0.19 1.00 0.53
Cyanazine/pendimethalin 48 100 0.02 0.04 1.00 1.00
Sweetcorn – Insecticides
Pirimicarb was the most extensively-used insecticide on sweetcorn, accounting for 80% of the insecticide-treated area,
with two applications being applied to just under half of the area grown. Most insecticide applications were made for the
control of aphids, 87%, thrips 8% or frit fly (Oscinella frit).
Insecticide active substance
Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
Proportion of
insecticidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Pirimicarb 1,180 164 0.80 0.46 2.01 0.99
Lambda-cyhalothrin 235 1 0.16 0.20 1.75 1.00
Deltamethrin 54 0 0.04 0.02 2.00 1.00
Chlorpyrifos 10 5 0.01 0.01 1.00 1.00

Sweetcorn – Comparison with previous survey (Tables 21 & 22)
The area of sweetcorn grown in 2003 had decreased by 35% compared with 1999 and by 28% compared with 1991. The
pesticide-treated area of sweetcorn decreased by 56% compared with 1999, but increased by 4% compared with 1991. In
terms of weight applied, pesticide usage decreased by 32% compared with 1999, and by 10% compared with 1991. The
average application rate of insecticides had fallen from 0.40 kg of active substance per hectare in 1991 to 0.12 kg/ha in
2003. Similarly herbicide rates of application fell from 1.08 kg/ha in 1991 to 0.79 kg/ha in 2003.
The chart below indicates a decrease in the number of sprays, products and active substances applied to sweetcorn since
1991, after reaching a peak in 1999.
Number of applications
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Summary of the number of pesticide sprays, products and active substances applied to
Sweetcorn 1991 - 2003
1991 1995 1999 2003
69
Sprays
Products
Active substances

Sweetcorn – Herbicides
Herbicide usage, in terms of area treated, decreased by 35% between 1999 and 2003, but increased by 1% compared with
1991. Atrazine continues to be the principal active substance used on sweetcorn, with bromoxynil usage for nightshade
control showing an increase compared with 1999.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five herbicides in 2003 used on sweetcorn over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Herbicide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Atrazine 1,252 2,083 (1) 2,034 (1) 1,828 (1)
Bromoxynil 865 639 (3)
Glyphosate 265 409 (4) 491 (4) 47 (4)
Pendimethalin 210 140 (5)
Cyanazine/pendimethalin 48
Sweetcorn – Insecticides
Insecticide usage in 2003, in terms of area treated, was 75% less than in 1999, and 11% less than in 1991. By weight
applied, the total used in 2003 was 88% less than in 1999 and 74% less than in 1991. Usage of organophosphate
insecticides in 2003 was minimal, having fallen from a maximum treated area of 2,636 hectares in 1999. Usage of all
other insecticide groups also declined between 1999 and 2003. Pirimicarb was the principal active substance used in
1999 and 2003.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for all insecticides in 2003 used on sweetcorn over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Insecticide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Pirimicarb 1,180 2,485 (1) 434 (4) 435 (2)
Lambda-cyhalothrin 235 638 (4)
Deltamethrin 54
Chlorpyrifos 10 412 (5) 149 (5)
70

Table 21 Comparison of pesticide usage in sweetcorn, 1991 - 2003, area treated (ha) and amount used (t)
Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003
ha t ha t ha t ha t
Insecticides
Carbamates 499 0.12 613 0.16 2,485 0.35 1,180 0.16
Organochlorines 91 0.10 . . . . . .
Organophosphates 1,075 0.43 2,416 0.90 2,636 1.05 10 < 0.01
Pyrethroids . . . . 638 < 0.01 288 < 0.01
Other insecticides . . . . 73 < 0.01 . .
Total - all insecticides 1,666 0.66 3,029 1.06 5,832 1.40 1,478 0.17
Fungicides . . . . 23 0.02 . .
Sulphur . . . . . . 216 0.78
Herbicides 2,635 2.85 5,817 4.03 4,126 3.20 2,666 2.10
Molluscicides . . . . 153 0.02 1 < 0.01
Physical control agents . . . . . . 108 0.11
Total - all registered pesticides 4,301 3.51 8,846 5.09 10,134 4.63 4,469 3.15
Area grown 1,533 2,025 1,690 1,100
71

Table 22 Comparison of pesticide usage in sweetcorn, 1991 - 2003, treated area as a percentage of area grown and average rate applied (kg a.s./ha)
Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003
Area treated Average Area treated Average Area treated Average Area treated Average
as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate
grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha)
Insecticides
Carbamates 33 0.25 30 0.27 147 0.14 107 0.14
Organochlorines 6 1.12 . . . . . .
Organophosphates 70 0.40 119 0.37 156 0.40 1 0.51
Pyrethroids . . . . 38 0.01 26 0.01
Other insecticides . . . . 4 0.00 . .
Total - all insecticides 109 0.40 150 0.35 345 0.24 134 0.12
Fungicides . . . . 1 0.75 . .
Sulphur . . . . . . 20 3.60
Herbicides 172 1.08 287 0.69 244 0.78 242 0.79
Molluscicides . . . . 9 0.12 < 1 0.22
Physical control agents . . . . . . 10 1.00
All registered pesticides 281 0.82 437 0.58 600 0.46 406 0.71
72

PESTICIDE USAGE ON OTHER ROOT VEGETABLES
Crops within this group included beetroot, celeriac, chicory and Jerusalem artichoke. However, beetroot comprised 89%
of the total area of vegetable crops grown in this crop group. Other root vegetables received, on average, 3 herbicides
and 1 insecticide. Herbicides accounted for 80% of the pesticide-treated area, fungicides 9%, insecticides 9%, sulphur
one percent and molluscicides and sodium chloride less than one percent. By weight applied, herbicides comprised 76%
of the total amount of pesticide, fungicides 11%, sulphur 8%, sodium chloride 5%, insecticides one percent and
molluscicides less than one percent.
Percentage of applications
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Timing of pesticide applications to Beetroot: January 2003 - December 2003
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Other root vegetables – Sprayer water volumes
Fungicide Herbicide Insecticide
Most applications of insecticides and fungicides were applied in sprayer water volumes of between 200 and 300 litres of
water per hectare. However, herbicides, often used as part of a repeat low dose rate program, were mainly applied in
water volumes less than 200 litres per hectare.
Percentage of area sprayed
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Sprayer water volumes used for pesticide applications to Other root vegetables 2003
Fungicide Herbicide Insecticide
73
500 L/Ha

Other root vegetables – Herbicides
According to reasons given by growers, general weed control and broad-leaved weed control accounted for 82% and 15%
of the herbicide-treated area respectively. The control of a barley cover crop sown on fields at risk from wind erosion
comprised a further one percent of all herbicide applications. Phenmedipham was used on almost all other root vegetable
crops, with most, 82% of the area grown, receiving two applications, at two-thirds the full label rate. The use of
metamitron and ethofumesate was also extensive, with 61% and 68% respectively, of the area grown, receiving two
applications at less than half rate.
Herbicide active substance Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
74
Proportion of
herbicidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Phenmedipham 4,539 1,388 0.28 0.82 1.87 0.66
Metamitron 3,037 4,874 0.19 0.61 1.76 0.46
Ethofumesate 2,922 946 0.18 0.68 1.74 0.27
Triflusulfuron-methyl 1,552 12 0.10 0.44 1.20 0.63
Lenacil 1,073 276 0.07 0.27 1.22 0.25
Other root vegetables – Fungicides
Although fungicide usage was minimal, 43% of fungicides were used for leaf spot (Septoria apiicola) control on celeriac,
27% for rust (Uromyces betae) control on beetroot, 14% for sclerotinia rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) of celeriac and 8%
for mildew control. Copper oxychloride was the principal active substance used, accounting for 43% of the fungicidetreated
area, being used on 11% of the area grown.
Fungicide active substance Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
Proportion of
fungicidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Copper oxychloride 806 758 0.43 0.11 3.00 0.85
Azoxystrobin 264 51 0.14 0.06 1.50 0.83
Chlorothalonil 237 340 0.13 0.03 2.00 0.90
Fenpropimorph 234 134 0.12 0.07 1.33 0.75
Difenoconazole 172 16 0.09 0.03 2.50 0.85
Other root vegetables – Insecticides
Aphids, carrot fly (P. rosae) and silver-Y moth (A. gamma) were the principal reasons given for insecticide use,
accounting for 62%, 18% and 15% of the insecticide-treated area respectively. Lambda-cyhalothrin was the most
extensively-used insecticide on other root vegetables, accounting for almost two thirds of the insecticide-treated area,
with two applications being applied to 23% of the area grown. Two applications of pirimicarb, comprising 34% of the
insecticide-treated area, were applied to 13% of the area grown.
Insecticide active substance
Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
Proportion of
insecticidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Lambda-cyhalothrin 1,218 13 0.65 0.23 2.06 0.94
Pirimicarb 632 96 0.34 0.13 2.00 0.88
Alpha-cypermethrin 11 < 1 0.01 < 0.01 1.00 1.00
Deltamethrin 6 < 1 < 0.01 < 0.01 1.00 0.82
Carbosulfan 2 2 < 0.01 < 0.01 1.00 1.00

Other root vegetables – Comparison with previous survey (Tables 23 & 24)
The area of other root vegetables grown in 2003 had increased by 33% compared with 1999 but decreased by 3%
compared with 1991. However, the pesticide-treated area of other root vegetables, excluding sodium chloride use,
increased by 89% compared with 1999, and by 10% compared with 1991. Again excluding sodium chloride, the weight
of pesticides applied increased by 107% compared with 1999, with a 43% increase compared with 1991. The average
application rate of insecticides had fallen from 0.37 kg of active substance per hectare in 1991 to 0.06 kg/ha in 2003.
Similarly fungicide rates of application fell from 0.93 kg/ha in 1991 to 0.69 kg/ha in 2003 whilst the rate of herbicide
applications increased from 0.49 kg/ha to 0.56 kg/ha over the same period.
The charts below illustrates that there was a decrease in the number of sprays, products and active substances applied to
other root vegetables between 1991 and 2003. However, compared with 1999, although the number of sprays has
remained the same, the total number of products and active substances used had increased, reflecting a greater degree of
tank mixing in 2003.
Number of applications
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Summary of the number of pesticide sprays, products and active substances applied to
Other root vegetables 1991 - 2003
1991 1995 1999 2003
75
Sprays
Products
Active substances

Other root vegetables – Herbicides
Herbicide usage increased by 63% in terms of area treated between 1999 and 2003, whilst the weight applied increased
by 84% over the same period. Since 1995 the order of the principal three active substances, phenmedipham, metamitron
and ethofumesate, has remained unchanged.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five herbicides in 2003 used on other root vegetables over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Herbicide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Phenmedipham 4,539 3,695 (1) 4,728 (1) 6,592 (1)
Metamitron 3,037 2,181 (2) 1,950 (2) 2,299 (3)
Ethofumesate 2,922 1,343 (3) 1,221 (3) 3,025 (2)
Triflusulfuron-methyl 1,552 824 (5)
Lenacil 1,073 138 (8) 232 (6) 11 (15)
Other root vegetables – Fungicides
In terms of area treated, fungicide usage had increased more than ten fold compared with previous surveys while by
weight applied it had increased more than nine fold. Encountered for the first time in 2003 were the use of copper
oxychloride, azoxystrobin and difenconazole.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five fungicides in 2003 used on other root vegetables over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Fungicide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Copper oxychloride 806
Azoxystrobin 264
Chlorothalonil 237 12 (3) 99 (1)
Fenpropimorph 234 173 (1) 76 (1)
Difenoconazole 172
Other root vegetables – Insecticides
Insecticide usage in 2003, in terms of area treated, was more than four times greater than in 1999, but 46% less than in
1991. By weight applied, the total used in 2003 was the same as in 1999 but 91% less than in 1991. There was no
recorded usage of organophosphate insecticides in 2003. Usage of pyrethroids increased more than six fold from the
previous survey, while use of carbamates increased from 20 to 635 treated hectares over the same period. Lambdacyhalothrin
was the principal active substance used.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for all insecticides in 2003 used on other root vegetables over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Insecticide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Lambda-cyhalothrin 1,218 121 (2) 5 (9)
Pirimicarb 632 12 (7) 1,056 (1) 776 (2)
Alpha-cypermethrin 11
Deltamethrin 6 2 (11) 68 (8)
76

Table 23 Comparison of pesticide usage in other root vegetables, 1991 - 2003, area treated (ha) and amount used (t)
Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003
ha t ha t ha t ha t
Insecticides
Carbamates 776 0.11 1,194 0.26 20 0.01 635 0.10
Organochlorines . . 2 < 0.01 . . . .
Organophosphates 1,884 1.16 1,023 0.53 214 0.10 . .
Pyrethroids 798 0.02 719 0.02 204 < 0.01 1,235 0.01
Other insecticides . . . . 6 < 0.01 . .
Total - all insecticides 3,457 1.29 2,938 0.81 444 0.11 1,869 0.11
Fungicides 116 0.11 76 0.06 185 0.14 1,883 1.31
Sulphur . . . . 104 0.32 170 0.91
Herbicides 14,734 6.52 10,481 8.13 9,918 4.88 16,183 8.99
Sodium chloride 1
. . . . 68 67.62 5 0.57
Molluscicides 31 0.01 78 0.03 . . 9 < 0.01
Total - all registered pesticides 18,339 7.92 13,574 9.03 10,719 73.08 20,119 11.89
Area grown 2,426 2,513 1,760 2,342
1 data on use of sodium chloride was not collected in 1991 or 1995
77

Table 24 Comparison of pesticide usage in other root vegetables, 1991 - 2003, treated area as a percentage of area grown and average rate applied (kg
a.s./ha)
Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003
Area treated Average Area treated Average Area treated Average Area treated Average
as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate
grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha)
Insecticides
Carbamates 32 0.14 48 0.22 1 0.49 27 0.15
Organochlorines . . < 1 0.84 . . . .
Organophosphates 78 0.62 41 0.52 12 0.47 . .
Pyrethroids 33 0.02 29 0.02 12 0.01 53 0.01
Other insecticides . . . . < 1 0.16 . .
Total - all insecticides 143 0.37 117 0.28 25 0.26 80 0.06
Fungicides 5 0.93 3 0.75 11 0.76 80 0.69
Sulphur . . . . 6 3.03 7 5.37
Herbicides 607 0.44 417 0.78 564 0.49 691 0.56
Sodium chloride 1
. . . . 4 1,000.00 < 1 125.65
Molluscicides 1 0.22 3 0.44 . . < 1 0.53
All registered pesticides 756 0.43 540 0.67 609 6.82 859 0.59
1 data on use of sodium chloride was not collected in 1991 or 1995
78

PESTICIDE USAGE ON CUCURBITS
Crops within this group included outdoor production of courgettes, cucumber, gherkins, marrow, melon and pumpkins.
However, pumpkins comprised 56% of the total area of vegetable crops grown within this crop group, with courgettes &
marrows together accounting for almost all of the remainder. Cucurbits received, on average, 1 herbicide and 1
fungicide. Herbicides accounted for 63% of the pesticide-treated area, fungicides 21%, sulphur 11%, molluscicides 4%,
insecticides 2%, and soil sterilants less than one percent. By weight, soil sterilants comprised 41% of the total weight of
pesticides applied, herbicides 29%, sulphur 27%, fungicides 2%, molluscicides one percent and insecticides less than one
percent.
Percentage of applications
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Timing of applications to Courgette: January 2003 - December 2003
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Cucurbits – Sprayer water volumes
Fungicide Herbicide Insecticide
A wide range of water volumes were used for fungicide applications, whereas most herbicides were applied in sprayer
water volumes of between 400 and 500 litres per hectare, with insecticides being applied in water volumes between 300
and 400 litres per hectare.
Percentage of area sprayed
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Sprayer water volumes used for pesticide applications to Cucurbits 2003
Fungicide Herbicide Insecticide
79
500 L/Ha

Cucurbits – Herbicides
According to the reasons given by growers, general weed control and broad-leaved weed control accounted for 90% and
10% of the herbicide-treated area respectively. Isoxaben and propyzamide were the principal herbicide active substances
used, accounting for 40% and 37% of the herbicide-treated area respectively. No single herbicide active substance was
used more than once on cucurbit crops.
Herbicide active substance Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
80
Proportion of
herbicidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Isoxaben 646 145 0.40 0.60 1.00 0.84
Propyzamide 596 410 0.37 0.55 1.00 0.90
Glyphosate 178 226 0.11 0.16 1.00 0.87
Paraquat 90 47 0.06 0.08 1.00 0.42
Diquat/paraquat 71 51 0.04 0.07 1.00 0.55
Cucurbits – Fungicides
The control of powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) was the only reason cited for disease control. Bupirimate at
three-quarters of the full label rate was used on 15% of the area of the crop grown and accounted for 68% of the
fungicide-treated area.
Fungicide active substance Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
Proportion of
fungicidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Bupirimate 358 55 0.68 0.15 1.89 0.76
Fenarimol 103 1 0.19 0.09 1.00 0.64
Imazalil 67 2 0.13 0.03 1.25 1.00
Cucurbits – Insecticides
Aphids were the only reason cited for insecticide use. Pirimicarb was the principal active substance, being used on 4% of
the area of the crop grown and accounting for 96% of all insecticide usage.
Insecticide active substance
Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
Proportion of
insecticidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Pirimicarb 39 9 0.96 0.04 1.00 0.56
Lambda-cyhalothrin 2 < 1 0.04 < 0.01 1.00 1.00
Cucurbits – Soil sterilants
Dazomet was the only soil sterilant record, being used prior to the planting of one percent the total area of cucurbits
grown.

Cucurbits – Comparison with previous survey (Tables 25 & 26)
The area of cucurbits grown in 2003 had decreased by 3% compared with 1999 but increased by 11% compared with
1991. However, the pesticide-treated area of cucurbits increased by 20% compared with 1999, and by more than three
times compared with 1991. The weight of pesticides applied decreased by 96% compared with 1999, but increased by
more than four times compared with 1991. The large decrease in the weight applied between 1999 and 2003 is due to a
greatly reduced use of soil sterilants. The average application rate of insecticides has fallen from 0.38 kg of active
substance per hectare in 1991 to 0.13 kg/ha in 2003. Similarly fungicide rates of application fell from 0.97 kg/ha in 1991
to 0.38 kg/ha in 2003, with the rate of herbicide applications declining from 2.57 kg/ha to 1.73 kg/ha over the same
period.
The charts below illustrates that there was a decrease in the number of sprays, products and active substances applied to
cucurbits between 1991 and 2003.
Number of applications
4
3
2
1
0
Summary of the number of pesticide sprays, products and active substances applied to
Cucurbits 1991 - 2003
1991 1995 1999 2003
81
Sprays
Products
Active substances

Cucurbits – Herbicides
Herbicide usage increased by 96% in terms of area treated between 1999 and 2003, whilst the weight applied increased
by 11% over the same period. The principal herbicides used in 2003, isoxaben and propyzamide, were not encountered
prior to 1999.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five herbicides in 2003 used on cucurbits over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Herbicide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Isoxaben 646 12 (8)
Propyzamide 596 20 (5)
Glyphosate 178 414 (1) 74 (3) 20 (3)
Paraquat 90 54 (3) 323 (1) 84 (2)
Diquat/paraquat 71 262 (2) 147 (2) 17 (4)
Cucurbits – Fungicides
In terms of area treated, fungicide usage had decreased by 14% compared with 1999, but more than doubled compared
with 1991. By weight applied, fungicide usage had decreased by 57% compared with 1999 and by 25% compared with
1991. Bupirimate has been the principal fungicide recorded since 1991.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for all fungicides in 2003 used on cucurbits over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Fungicide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Bupirimate 358 345 (1) 215 (1) 70 (1)
Fenarimol 103 16 (5) 50 (2)
Imazalil 67 96 (3) 213 (2) 38 (5)
Cucurbits – Insecticides
There was limited use of insecticides in 2003, with no recorded use of organophosphates and overall insecticide usage
fell by 90% compared with the previous survey and by 87% compared with 1991. Pirimicarb has been the principal
active substance used since 1991.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for all insecticides in 2003 used on cucurbits over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Insecticide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Pirimicarb 39 277 (1) 132 (1) 5 (4)
Lambda-cyhalothrin 2
82

Table 25 Comparison of pesticide usage on cucurbits, 1991 - 2003, area treated (ha) and amount used (t)
Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003
ha t ha t ha t ha t
Insecticides
Carbamates 5 < 0.01 132 0.03 277 0.05 39 0.01
Organophosphates 315 0.07 11 < 0.01 20 0.01 . .
Pyrethroids . . . . 112 0.02 2 < 0.01
Total - all insecticides 320 0.07 143 0.03 410 0.08 41 0.01
Fungicides 244 0.08 620 0.24 612 0.14 528 0.06
Sulphur . . . . 123 0.53 267 0.85
Herbicides 257 0.61 603 0.62 819 0.82 1,602 0.91
Molluscicides 4 < 0.01 61 0.01 53 0.02 97 0.03
Soil sterilants . . 8 3.12 110 80.96 7 1.30
Total - all registered pesticides 824 0.77 1,435 4.02 2,126 82.55 2,541 3.15
Area grown 970 950 1,112 1,080
83

Table 26 Comparison of pesticide usage in cucurbits, 1991 - 2003, treated area as a percentage of area grown and average rate applied (kg a.s./ha)
Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003
Area treated Average Area treated Average Area treated Average Area treated Average
as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate
grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha)
Insecticides
Benzoylureas 2 0.09 . . . . 1 0.07
Carbamates 39 0.46 54 0.30 65 0.23 98 0.21
Organochlorines < 1 0.23 2 0.42 < 1 0.28 < 1 0.42
Organophosphates 235 0.61 291 0.47 205 0.53 24 0.67
Pyrethroids 156 0.02 266 0.02 229 0.01 196 0.01
Other insecticides 2 0.13 6 0.12 41 0.16 142 0.14
Total - all insecticides 436 0.38 618 0.26 540 0.25 461 0.13
Registered biological control agents < 1 0.60 < 1 0.33 < 1 0.18 < 1 0.05
Fungicides 93 0.97 148 0.80 186 0.53 178 0.38
Sulphur < 1 2.38 1 4.59 3 4.53 3 3.41
Herbicides 135 2.57 177 2.24 164 1.78 195 1.73
Molluscicides 9 0.26 15 0.34 50 0.37 37 0.38
Repellents < 1 0.36 1 1.00 < 1 3.20 . .
Soil sterilants < 1 364.62 < 1 389.07 . . . .
Physical control agents . . . . . . < 1 4.19
All registered pesticides 673 0.91 960 0.72 942 0.59 874 0.56
84

PESTICIDE USAGE ON OTHER OUTDOOR VEGETABLES
This crop group included a wide variety of crops. However, herbs, both annual and perennial, comprised 41% of the total
area of other outdoor vegetable crops, with asparagus accounting for a further 18% and baby leaf vegetables 11%. As a
mixed group they received, on average, 2 herbicides, 1 insecticide and 1 fungicide. Herbicides accounted for 50% of the
pesticide-treated area, insecticides 34%, fungicides 12%, molluscicides, physical control agents and sodium chloride one
percent each and sulphur and biological control agents less than one percent. By weight, sodium chloride comprised 71%
of the total weight of pesticides applied, herbicides 24%, fungicides 3%, insecticides one percent and sulphur, physical
control agents, molluscicides and biological control agents less than one percent. Applications of sodium chloride to
other outdoor vegetables were restricted to asparagus crops.
Percentage of applications
Percentage of applications
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Timing of pesticide application to Herbs: January 2003 - December 2003
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Fungicide Herbicide Insecticide
Timing of pesticide applications to Asparagus: January 2003 - December 2003
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Fungicide Herbicide Insecticide
85

Other outdoor vegetables – Sprayer water volumes
Most fungicides, herbicides and insecticides were applied in sprayer water volumes of between 200 and 300 litres per
hectare.
Percentage of area sprayed
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Sprayer water volumes used for pesticide applications to Other outdoor vegetables 2003
Other outdoor vegetables – Herbicides
Fungicide Herbicide Insecticide
86
500 L/Ha
According to reasons given by growers, broad-leaved weed control and general weed control accounted for 82% and 15%
of the herbicide-treated area respectively. A single application of glyphosate was used, at almost full label rate, prior to
the planting or sowing of a third of the crop. Linuron, used at half full label rate, was used on another 24% of the area
grown and accounted for 10% of the herbicide-treated area.
Herbicide active substance Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
Proportion of
herbicidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Glyphosate 1,849 2,236 0.12 0.33 1.03 0.93
Linuron 1,445 819 0.10 0.24 1.03 0.55
Diquat/paraquat 1,387 793 0.09 0.19 1.19 0.55
Metamitron 1,161 1,014 0.08 0.14 1.40 0.51
Pendimethalin 956 1,228 0.06 0.19 1.00 0.58
Other outdoor vegetables – Fungicides
Most fungicides, 42% of the fungicide-treated area, were used for general disease control, with a further 27% being used
specifically against downy mildews. Control of purple spot (Stemphyllium vesicarium) on asparagus accounted for a
further 8% of the fungicide-treated area. Use of azoxystrobin accounted for 29% of the fungicide-treated area, being
used on 17% of the area grown, tebuconazole was used on a further 10% of the area grown, whilst fosetyl-aluminium,
used on 7% of the area grown, accounted for 45% of the weight of fungicides applied.
Fungicide active substance Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
Proportion of
fungicidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Azoxystrobin 1,010 173 0.29 0.17 1.19 0.79
Tebuconazole 711 94 0.20 0.10 1.39 0.81
Fosetyl-aluminium 486 951 0.14 0.07 1.43 0.93
Mancozeb/metalaxyl-M 446 525 0.13 0.08 1.14 0.95
Iprodione 348 139 0.10 0.06 1.07 0.74

Other outdoor vegetables – Insecticides
Aphids were the main reason cited for insecticide use, accounting for 41% of usage. Other important pest species
included caterpillars, carrot fly (P. rosae) and asparagus beetle (Crioceris asparagi), accounting for 21%, 12% and 7% of
the insecticide-treated area respectively. Deltamethrin was the principal active substance, being used on 37% of the area
of the crop grown and accounting for 36% of all insecticide usage. The use of pirimicarb, primarily for aphid control,
accounted for a further 23% of the insecticide-treated area.
Insecticide active substance
Formulation
area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s.
applied (kg)
87
Proportion of
insecticidetreated
area
Proportion of
census area
treated
Average
number of
applications
Average
proportion of
full label rate
Deltamethrin 3,628 25 0.36 0.37 2.05 0.95
Pirimicarb 2,276 345 0.23 0.21 1.67 1.28
Lambda-cyhalothrin 1,137 7 0.11 0.11 1.48 0.76
Cypermethrin 1,034 25 0.10 0.14 1.48 0.99
Lambdacyhalothrin/pirimicarb
727 109 0.07 0.09 1.52 0.96

Other outdoor vegetables – Comparison with previous survey (Tables 27 & 28)
The area of other outdoor vegetables grown in 2003 had increased by 5% compared with 1999 and by 11% compared
with 1991. However, excluding sodium chloride, the pesticide-treated area increased by 89% compared with 1999, and
almost three fold compared with 1991. Again, excluding sodium chloride, the weight of pesticides applied decreased by
73% compared with 1999, mainly due to no recorded use of soil sterilants on this crop group in 2003, but increased by
167% compared with 1991. The average application rate of insecticides fell from 0.28 kg of active substance per hectare
in 1991 to 0.07 kg/ha in 2003. Similarly, fungicide rates of application fell from 1.00 kg/ha in 1991 to 0.60 kg/ha in
2003. Although herbicide rates rose from 1.12 kg/ha in 1999 to 1.27 kg/ha in 2003, the rate used in 2003 was little
different from that used in 1991.
The charts below illustrate an overall increase in the number of sprays, products and active substances applied to other
outdoor vegetables between 1991 and 1999, but a fall between 1999 and 2003. This is possibly due to the increased area
of baby-leaf vegetables, which by their very nature only have a limited time during which sprays can be applied.
Numbers of applications
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Summary of the number of pesticide sprays, products and active substances applied to
Other outdoor vegetables 1991 - 2003
1991 1995 1999 2003
88
Sprays
Products
Active substances

Other outdoor vegetables – Herbicides
Herbicide usage, in terms of area treated, increased by 65% between 1999 and 2003, and more than doubled between
1991 and 2003. By weight applied, herbicide usage increased by 86% compared with 1999, and by 132% compared with
1991. Glyphosate was the principal herbicide in both 1999 and 2003, replacing linuron, which was the principal
herbicide in 1995.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five herbicides in 2003 used on other outdoor vegetables over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Herbicide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Glyphosate 1,849 1,638 (1) 190 (11) 483 (4)
Linuron 1,445 589 (6) 788 (1) 766 (3)
Diquat/paraquat 1,387 621 (5) 185 (12) 74 (258)
Metamitron 1,161 111 (259) 46 (262)
Pendimethalin 956 153 (14) 46 (259) 431 (5)
Other outdoor vegetables – Fungicides
In terms of area treated, fungicide usage had increased by almost three times compared with 1999, and by almost seven
times compared with 1991. By weight applied, fungicide usage in 2003 was more than double that recorded in 1999 and
four times greater than in 1991. Azoxystrobin, recorded for the first time in 2003, replaced tebuconazole, the principal
active substance in 1999, as the principal active substance in the current survey.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five fungicides in 2003 used on other outdoor vegetables over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Fungicide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Azoxystrobin 1,010
Tebuconazole 711 437 (1)
Fosetyl-aluminium 486 130 (6)
Mancozeb/metalaxyl-M 446
Iprodione 348 30 (10) 59 (4) 34 (6)
Other outdoor vegetables – Insecticides
There was no recorded use of organophosphates in 2003, but the area treated with pyrethroids was more than double that
recorded in 1999, and four times greater than in 1991. Usage of carbamates more than doubled between 1999 and 2003,
and the area treated was almost ten times greater than that recorded in 1991. Usage of the pyrethroids deltamethrin and
lambda-cyhalothrin has continued to increase over the period of comparison, whilst that of cypermethrin declined.
Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five insecticides in 2003 used on other outdoor vegetables over the period 1991 – 2003
(figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)
Insecticide 2003 1999 1995 1991
Deltamethrin 3,628 510 (3) 899 (3) 863 (1)
Pirimicarb 2,276 888 (2) 1,162 (1) 281 (6)
Lambda-cyhalothrin 1,137 59 (8) 55 (9)
Cypermethrin 1,035 2,333 (1) 328 (5) 453 (5)
Lambda-cyhalothrin/pirimicarb 727 306 (4)
89

Table 27 Comparison of pesticide usage in other outdoor vegetables, 1991 - 2003, area treated (ha) and amount used (t)
Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003
ha t ha t ha t ha t
Insecticides
Carbamates 289 0.05 1,162 0.22 888 0.13 2,277 0.35
Organochlorines 114 0.01 28 0.02 . . . .
Organophosphates 1,850 0.99 2,161 1.38 340 0.19 . .
Pyrethroids 1,536 0.02 1,282 0.01 2,903 0.06 6,017 0.06
Other insecticides . . . . 472 0.05 1,710 0.27
Total - all insecticides 3,789 1.07 4,631 1.63 4,603 0.43 10,004 0.68
Registered biological control agents . . . . . . 98 < 0.01
Fungicides 507 0.51 776 0.54 1,341 0.94 3,512 2.10
Sulphur 2 0.02 . . . . 99 0.38
Herbicides 6,483 8.05 4,628 5.82 8,941 10.04 14,747 18.68
Sodium chloride 1
. . . . 176 154.87 187 54.76
Molluscicides 107 0.01 496 0.15 391 0.10 382 0.12
Soil sterilants . . . . 77 71.65 . .
Physical control agents . . . . . . 208 0.22
Total - all registered pesticides 10,890 9.67 10,531 8.13 15,530 238.03 29,236 76.94
Area grown 4,625 3,088 4,861 5,122
1 data on use of sodium chloride was not collected in 1991 or 1995
90

Table 28 Comparison of pesticide usage in other outdoor vegetables, 1991 - 2003, treated area as a percentage of area grown and average rate applied
(kg a.s./ha)
Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003
Area treated Average Area treated Average Area treated Average Area treated Average
as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate
grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha)
Insecticides
Carbamates 6 0.17 38 0.19 18 0.15 44 0.15
Organochlorines 2 0.08 1 0.84 . . . .
Organophosphates 40 0.54 70 0.64 7 0.56 . .
Pyrethroids 33 0.01 42 0.01 60 0.02 117 0.01
Other insecticides . . . . 10 0.11 33 0.16
Total - all insecticides 82 0.28 150 0.35 95 0.09 195 0.07
Registered biological control agents . . . . . . 2 0.03
Fungicides 11 1.00 25 0.69 28 0.70 69 0.60
Sulphur < 1 10.77 . . < 1 8.00 2 3.87
Herbicides 140 1.24 150 1.26 184 1.12 288 1.27
Sodium chloride 1
. . . . 4 878.00 4 293.52
Molluscicides 2 0.12 16 0.30 8 0.25 7 0.30
Soil sterilants . . . . 2 933.85 . .
Physical control agents . . . . . . 4 1.04
All registered pesticides 235 0.89 341 0.77 319 15.33 571 2.63
1 data on use of sodium chloride was not collected in 1991 or 1995
91

COMPARISON OF PESTICIDE USAGE ON ALL VEGETABLE CROPS (Tables 29 & 30)
In 2003, there were reductions of 8% and 20% in the area of all vegetable crops grown compared with 1999 and 1991
respectively. However, there has been a one percent increase in the area treated compared with 1999 and 23% compared
with 1991. By contrast, the weights applied decreased by 31% compared with 1999, and by 8% over the last thirteen
years.
Herbicides were the major area of pesticide usage in 2003. The area treated showed little change on that found in 1999,
but increased by 23% compared with 1991. There was a decrease in the weight applied compared with the previous
survey of 31%, and a 8% decrease between 1991 and the current survey. If the rates of application per treatment are
compared these show a decrease from 1.37 kg/ha being applied in 1991 to 0.94 kg/ha in the current survey.
Insecticides have been an important group of pesticides in each survey over the last thirteen years. However, there was a
9% reduction in the insecticide-treated area compared with 1999, and a 13% reduction compared with 1991. In contrast,
there were reductions in the weight applied of 52% compared with 1999 and 76% compared with 1991. This reflected a
move away from organophosphates and carbamates to an increased usage of pyrethroids over the last thirteen years and,
because of their lower rates of application, a corresponding decrease in weight applied. The rate of application of
insecticides fell from 0.44 kg/ha in 1991 to 0.12 kg/ha in 2003.
Pyrethroids were the most important insecticide group used in 2003. However, their use had decreased by 2% in terms of
area treated compared with 1999, though they showed a 69% increase in use compared with 1991. The weight of
pyrethroids applied decreased by 17% compared with 1999 and by 12% compared with 1991.
Organophosphates have been one of the most important insecticide groups used over the last decade and were the
principal insecticide group used between 1991 and 1995. However, their use declined by 87% compared with 1999 and
by 94% compared with 1991. By weight applied, the organophosphates had declined by 86% and 95% respectively
compared with 1999 and 1991.
Carbamate insecticide usage increased by 20% compared with 1999, and by 19% compared with 1991. The weight
applied had decreased by 12% compared with 1999, and by 13% compared with 1991.
The use of “other” insecticides, in particular formulated products containing carbamates and pyrethroids, had more than
doubled compared with 1999 and was more than fifty times the area treated in 1991 because of new products being
introduced.
Fungicide use increased in terms of area treated by 24% compared with 1999 and was double that of 1991. The weight
of fungicides applied increased by 11% compared with 1999, and by 2% compared with 1991. Nonetheless, the average
rate of fungicide applications decreased from 1.39 kg/ha in 1991 to 0.67 kg /ha in 2003.
The molluscicide treated area increased by 15% compared with 1999 and was almost six times greater than the area
treated in 1991. The weight applied in 2003 was 36% greater than that applied in 1999, and eleven times greater than in
1991. Usage of vertebrate repellents, mainly for bird control, was not recorded in 2003.
Usage of sulphur decreased in terms of area treated, by 30% compared with 1999, but was almost three times greater than
the area treated in 1991. The weight of sulphur applied decreased by 27% compared with 1999 but was almost four times
greater than that applied in 1991.
92

Growth regulator usage decreased by 31% in terms of area treated compared with 1999, and by 10% compared with
1991. In terms of the weight applied, growth regulator usage declined by 29% compared with 1999 and by 32%
compared with 1991.
Biological control usage, registered and non-registered, was minimal over the last thirteen years, and despite a 33%
increase in the area treated with all biological control agents between 1995 and 1999, there was a fall of 31% compared
with 1991.
Usage of soil sterilants decreased by 57% between 1999 and 2003, but the area treated in the current survey was eleven
times greater than that recorded in 1991. In terms of weight applied, use of soil sterilants had fallen by 78% compared
with 1999, but was thirteen times greater than in 1991.
All outdoor vegetables – number of pesticide applications
The chart below shows a slight increase in the number of sprays applied to vegetable crops since 1991, from five to six,
but larger increases in the number of products applied from six to ten, and active substances from eight to eleven. Much
of this is due to an increased use of fungicides on the crop groups onions & leeks and peas & beans.
Number of applications
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Summary of the number of pesticide sprays, products and active substances applied to all
crops 1991 - 2003
1991 1995 1999 2003
93
Sprays
Products
Active substances

Table 29 Comparison of pesticide usage on vegetable crops, 1991 - 2003, area treated (ha) and amount used (t)
Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003
ha t ha t ha t ha t
Acaricides . . 38 0.01 . . . .
Insecticides
Benzoylureas 936 0.09 . . 96 < 0.01 282 0.02
Carbamates 79,994 28.43 104,092 30.47 79,256 28.26 95,195 24.79
Organochlorines 397 0.16 767 0.34 8 < 0.01 1 < 0.01
Organophosphates 225,309 154.29 201,185 113.31 107,324 58.49 14,062 8.41
Pyrethroids 110,243 2.17 187,025 3.53 190,298 2.29 186,526 1.91
Other insecticides 1,265 0.16 7,821 1.02 23,813 3.51 67,263 9.21
Total insecticides 418,144 185.3 500,891 148.67 400,794 92.56 363,329 44.34
Registered biological control agents 773 0.19 644 0.06 395 0.07 281 0.01
Fungicides 138,155 187.86 171,048 183.48 224,433 164.32 277,552 183.17
Sulphur 3,160 12.25 9,018 37.16 12,783 61.88 8,992 44.97
Growth regulators 3,837 10.88 4,616 11.85 4,995 10.44 3,445 7.39
Herbicides 351,513 483.48 410,566 504.32 449,423 445.90 449,436 420.83
Sodium chloride 1
. . . . 244 222.49 195 56.04
Molluscicides 5,293 1.25 9,082 3.05 27,156 10.19 31,124 13.86
Repellents 169 0.06 242 0.25 5 0.02 . .
Soil sterilants 8 2.75 36 13.78 206 163.85 88 36.31
Physical control agents . . . . . . 1,205 2.81
Growth stimulants . . . . . . 116 0.12
Total - all registered pesticides 921,051 884.02 1,106,180 902.63 1,120,434 1,171.72 1,135,764 809.87
Non-registered biological control agents . . 346 . 7 . 252 0.44
Are grown (hectares) 152,701 142,342 131,766 121,725
1 data on use of sodium chloride was not collected in 1991 or 1995
94

Table 30 Comparison of pesticide usage on all vegetables 1991 - 2003, treated area as a percentage of area grown and average rate applied (kg a.s./ha)
Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003
Area treated Average Area treated Average Area treated Average Area treated Average
as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate as % of area appln. rate
grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha) grown (kg a.s./ha)
Acaricides . . < 1 0.16 . . . .
Insecticides
Benzoylureas 1 0.09 . . < 1 0.02 < 1 < 0.01
Carbamates 48 0.32 68 0.26 55 0.34 75 0.26
Organochlorines < 1 0.42 1 0.45 0 0.28 < 1 0.42
Organophosphates 139 0.69 132 0.56 76 0.55 11 0.6
Pyrethroids 68 0.02 128 0.02 139 0.01 145 0.01
Other insecticides 1 0.14 4 0.14 17 0.15 54 0.14
Total insecticides 257 0.44 332 0.29 287 0.23 284 0.12
Registered biological control agents 1 0.24 < 1 0.1 < 1 0.18 0 0.04
Fungicides 82 1.39 114 1.05 160 0.75 215 0.67
Sulphur 1 5.11 5 4.42 8 5.12 6 5.22
Growth regulators 3 2.84 3 2.57 4 2.09 3 2.15
Herbicides 216 1.37 271 1.19 320 0.99 349 0.94
Sodium chloride 1
. . . . < 1 911.81 < 1 287.12
Molluscicides 2 0.3 5 0.35 18 0.39 22 0.43
Repellents < 1 0.36 < 1 1.04 < 1 3.2 . .
Soil sterilants < 1 364.62 < 1 389.08 < 1 795.36 < 1 410.58
Physical control agents . . . . . . 1 2.33
Growth stimulants . . . . . . < 1 1
All registered pesticides 561 0.96 732 0.78 798 1.07 880 0.72
Non-registered biological control agents . .

VEGETABLE SEED TREATMENTS
Data collected on seed treatments were raised to estimate the total area sown with each vegetable seed treatment in Great
Britain during 2003.
Some of the active substances encountered and included in this report are not registered in this country and are imported
on seeds from Europe where they have Approval.
Approximately 66% of the total area of vegetable crops was grown from seed, the remainder being either produced as
transplants or perennial crops. Over 90% of peas & beans, sweetcorn, other root vegetables, root crucifers and carrots,
parsnips etc. were grown directly in the ground from seed. In contrast only one percent of lettuce, endive etc. and 8% of
brassicas were grown directly in the ground from seed, the majority being produced using seed sown into modular trays
or blocks in glasshouses and then transplanted to the field when required.
The majority of seed was treated, with only 10% of the total area of all crops sown with untreated seed.
Single fungicide treatments or fungicide/insecticide formulations accounted for 77% of the total area of all seed
treatments used. The formulation cymoxanil/fludioxonil/metalaxyl-M, used on peas & beans and carrots, parsnips etc
and thiram, used across the range of crops, were the most popular fungicide seed treatments overall, accounting for 49%
and 14% respectively of the total seed treatment area. Other important formulations included thiabendazole/thiram,
iprodione, metalaxyl and metalaxyl/thiabendazole. Insecticidal seed treatments, primarily tefluthrin on onions & leeks
and carrots etc., accounted for 9% of the total seed treatment area.
Brassicas etc.
The principal seed treatment formulation used on brassicas was thiram, accounting for 32% of the treated seed area, with
carbendazim/chlorpyrifos/iprodione/thiram comprising a further 16%. Imadacloprid was used on only this crop group,
accounting for 9% of the area sown.
Root crucifers
Thiram accounted for 54% of root crucifer seed treatments, whilst iprodione alone and gamma-HCH/thiram accounted
for the remaining 41% and 3% respectively. Forty-five percent of the area grown from seed remained untreated.
Peas and beans
Seventy-six percent of the total area of peas and beans grown were sown with cymoxanil/fludioxonil/metalaxyl-M treated
seed, with thiram-treated seed being used on 10% of the area sown. Chlorpyrifos as a seed dressing was encountered
exclusively on peas & beans and was used on 2% of the area sown.
96

Onions & leeks
Thiram alone was the most common seed treatment formulation used on onions & leeks, accounting for 35% of all
fungicide seed treatments. Tefluthrin was the only insecticide encountered on onions & leeks, being used on 24% of the
area grown from seed.
Carrots, parsnips etc.
Fungicide formulations were the principal seed treatments used on carrots, with cymoxanil/fludioxonil/metalaxyl-M
accounting for 65% of the total area sown. Tefluthrin was the most widely used insecticide, applied to 35% of the area
sown.
Lettuce, endive etc.
The only recorded seed treatment formulations used on lettuce, endive etc. contained thiram, accounting for 98% of the
total area directly sown, but only 1% of the total area grown. The remaining area, grown from glasshouse-raised modular
plants, is covered under surveys of protected crops.
Sweetcorn
Thiram was the principal seed treatment used on sweetcorn, applied alone, accounting for 46% of the total area grown.
Captan was found exclusively on sweetcorn and was used on 7% of the area sown. Unspecified seed treatments
accounted for 84% of the total area grown, some of which were used in combination with thiram. Unfortunately no
further data were available on this imported seed.
Other root vegetables
Thiram alone was the principal seed treatment formulation used on other root vegetables, accounting for 94% of the seed
treatment area, with iprodione comprising a further 3%.
Cucurbits
Most cucurbits were grown from transplanted crops with only 19% being grown directly from seed. Thiram was the only
seed treatment formulation recorded and it accounted for 61% of the area sown.
Other vegetables
Sixty four percent of other vegetables were grown from seed. Of these, 61% remained untreated, with thiram alone
accounting for 42% of the treated area and tefluthrin a further 14%.
97

98
Table 31 Usage of seed treatments on vegetable crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (sown hectares)
Brassicas etc. Root Peas & Onions & Carrots, Lettuce Sweetcorn Other root Cucurbits Other All
crucifers beans leeks parsnips etc. endive etc. vegetables vegetables crops
Fungicide/insecticide seed treatments
Carbendazim/chlorpyrifos/iprodione/thiram 628 . . . . . . . . . 628
Dichlofenthion/thiram . . 444 . . . . . . . 444
Gamma-HCH/thiram . 67 . . . . . . . . 67
All fungicide/insecticide seed treatments 628 67 444 . . . . . . . 1,139
Fungicide seed treatments
Captan . . . . . . 79 . . . 79
Carbendazim 159 . 57 195 52 . . . . 22 486
Carbendazim/cymoxanil/oxadixyl/thiram . . 395 . . . . . . . 395
Carbendazim/thiram 158 . 28 796 . . . . . . 982
Cymoxanil/fludioxonil/metalaxyl-M . . 35,008 . 7,961 . . . . . 42,970
Iprodione 424 824 . . 640 . . 75 . 196 2,160
Metalaxyl 457 . . 263 238 . . . . 370 1,328
Metalaxyl-M . . . 377 147 . 79 . . 31 635
Metalaxyl/thiabendazole . . . . 1,107 . . . . . 1,107
Metalaxyl/thiabendazole/thiram . . 518 . . . . . . 14 532
Tebuconazole . . . 791 . . . . . . 791
Thiabendazole/thiram . . . 2,869 . . . . . . 2,869
Thiram 1,239 1,092 3,209 2,901 725 54 508 2,073 127 815 12,743
All fungicide seed treatments 2,437 1,916 39,216 8,192 10,871 54 666 2,149 127 1,449 67,076
Insecticide seed treatments
Chlorpyrifos . . 909 . . . . . . . 909
Imidacloprid 218 . . . . . . . . . 218
Tefluthrin . . . 2,416 4,324 . . . . 267 7,008
All insecticide seed treatments 218 . 909 2,416 4,324 . . . . 267 8,135
Unspecified seed treatments 538 45 6,249 2,689 1,161 3 920 47 73 240 11,965
All seed treatments 1 3,821 2,028 46,818 13,297 16,356 57 1,586 2,196 200 1,956 88,315
Not treated 84 1,105 485 2,612 1,289 2 86 196 10 2,001 7,869
Area grown from seed 2,454 2,458 46,045 10,023 12,292 55 1,086 2,207 209 3,299 80,128
1 note: the sum of multiple seed treatments to the same seed may give rise to treated areas apparently in excess of the area grown

99
Table 32 Usage of seed treatments on vegetable crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (kg active substance applied)
Brassicas etc. Root Peas & Onions & Carrots etc. Lettuce Sweetcorn Other root Cucurbits Other All
crucifers beans leeks endive etc. vegetables vegetables crops
Fungicide/insecticide seed treatments
Carbendazim/chlorpyrifos/iprodione/thiram 2 . . . . . . . . . 2
Dichlofenthion/thiram . . 88 . . . . . . . 88
Gamma-HCH/thiram . 2 . . . . . . . . 2
All fungicide/insecticide seed treatments 2 2 88 . . . . . . . 92
Fungicide seed treatments
Captan . . . . . . 58 . . . 58
Carbendazim

TREATMENT OF VEGETABLES DURING STORAGE
Of the 602 holdings visited in this survey, 96 stored vegetables after harvest. Bulb onions were stored on 68 holdings,
white cabbage on 20 holdings, beetroot on 8 holdings and red cabbage on 7 holdings. Other crops encountered included
shallots, celeriac, squashes and chicory.
An estimated 78% of the total production of dry bulb onions in England and Wales went into storage in 2003, 84% of the
white cabbage and 48% of beetroot. Estimates of the total tonnage of vegetables entering store were based on figures
provided by Defra Statistics (Horticultural Commodities) Division. No data were available on the total production of red
cabbage.
As Table 33 shows, the majority of onions, 82%, were bulk stored, as were 82% of beetroot, the remainder being stored
in boxes. In contrast, all of the cabbage, red and white, were stored in boxes. Other vegetables were somewhat evenly
stored between the two methods.
Onions were stored predominantly in ventilated stores (54%), with the rest spread between refrigerated stores (42%) and
unventilated stores (4%). In 2003, 80% of beetroot was stored in outdoor clamps, 18% in refrigerated stores, and the
remaining two percent in ventilated stores. The majority of white cabbage was stored in refrigerated stores (93%), with
the remainder in either ventilated stores (5%), or unventilated stores (1%). Over ninety nine percent of red cabbage was
stored in refrigerated stores, with the remainder in ventilated stores (Table 34).
No onions or beetroot received a pesticide application in store.
Approximately 55% of white cabbage was treated with metalaxyl–M, with a further 42% of the basic tonnage stored
received an additional application of iprodione, while 45% remained untreated.
In 2003, approximately 35% of red cabbage remained untreated. Sixty five percent was treated with metalaxyl-M, 58%
of which also received an additional application of iprodione.
In 1999, as in 2003, no pesticide applications were made to onions or beetroot in store. In contrast to 2003, only 8% of
red cabbage remained untreated in 1999, 92% being treated with iprodione and 98% of this also receiving an application
of carbendazim and metalaxyl. In 1999, while 41% of white cabbage remained untreated, approximately 57% was
treated with iprodione, a further 50% of the basic tonnage stored receiving an additional application of
carbendazim/metalaxyl, with 3% receiving an application of carbendazim.
100

Table 33 Total tonnes of vegetables stored and method of storage
Crop Bulk storage Boxed storage Total
Beetroot 31,043 6,737 37,780
Cabbage - red . 2,935 2,935
Cabbage - white . 85,578 85,578
Onion - dry 238,264 50,553 288,817
Other stored vegetables 1
1,687 1,800 3,487
Total 270,994 147,603 418,597
Table 34 Storage type used and vegetables stored (tonnes)
Crop Outdoor Unventilated Ventilated Refrigerated Controlled Total
clamp store store store atmosphere
Beetroot 30,389 . 654 6,737 . 37,780
Cabbage - red . . 10 2,925 . 2,935
Cabbage - white . 1,225 4,626 79,727 . 85,578
Onion - dry . 10,578 156,740 121,499 . 288,817
Other stored vegetables 1
. . 300 1,587 1,600 3,487
Total 30,389 11,802 162,330 212,476 1,600 418,597
Table 35 Pesticide usage on vegetables in store - tonnes treated and amount of active substance used (kg)
Active substance Cabbage - white Cabbage - red Onion - dry Beetroot Other stored vegetables 1
Tonnes Weight a.s.
treated (kg)
Tonnes Weight a.s.
treated (kg)
101
Tonnes Weight a.s.
treated (kg)
Tonnes Weight a.s.
treated (kg)
Tonnes Weight a.s.
treated (kg)
Iprodione 35,712 14,054 1,095 547 . . . . 1,080 5,487
Metalaxyl-M 47,041 1,968 1,903 95 . . . . . .
Total - all fungicides 82,753 16,023 2,998 642 . . . 3,487 5,487
Untreated 38,538 1,032 288,817 37,780 2,407
1 Other stored vegetables includes celeriac, chicory, pumpkin and shallot

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks are due to all of the growers who willingly participated in this survey, providing invaluable information upon
which this report is based. Many thanks are also due to Jeremy Snowden and Louis Thomas for their invaluable role in
collecting the data, as well as to Gillian Parrish and Lynda Smith for their able assistance in data collation and to Emma
Maidment for her invaluable work in maintaining the pesticide product database.
REFERENCES
Anon. (2003a) Agricultural Statistics in England and Wales 2002. London: HMSO
Anon. (2003b) Agricultural Statistics, Scotland 2002. Edinburgh: HMSO
Anon. (2004a) Agricultural Statistics in England and Wales 2003. London: HMSO
Anon. (2004b) Agricultural Statistics in Scotland 2003. Edinburgh: HMSO
Anon. (2004c) Survey of vegetables and Flowers, January 2003 England & Wales: York: HMSO
Bowen, H.M., Thomas, L.A., Snowden, J.P. and Dickson, J.M. (1986) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 98 - Vegetables
for Human Consumption 1991, Scotland. Edinburgh: DAFS
Brodie, J.A. & Wood, J. (1986) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 19 - Vegetables for Human Consumption 1982,
Scotland. Edinburgh: DAFS
Garthwaite, D.G., Chapman, P.J. & Thomas, M.R. (1990) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 64 - Vegetables for human
consumption 1986. London: MAFF
Garthwaite, D.G., Thomas, M.R., Hart, M.J. & Wild, S. (1997) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 134 - Vegetables for
human consumption 1995. London: MAFF
Garthwaite, D.G., Thomas, M.R. & Wild, S. (2001) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 163 - Vegetables for human
consumption 1999. London: MAFF
Shave, P.R. & Dickson, J.M. (1991) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 83 - Vegetables for Human Consumption 1989,
Scotland. Edinburgh: DAFS
Sly, J.M.A. (1972) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 3 - Vegetables for human consumption 1966 and 1969. London:
MAFF
Sly, J.M.A. (1985) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 29 - Vegetables for human consumption 1981. London: MAFF
Thomas, M.R., Davis, R.P. & Garthwaite, D.G. (1992) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 101 - Vegetables for human
consumption 1991. London: MAFF
Thomas, M.R. (2001) Pesticide usage monitoring in the United Kingdom. Annals of Occupational Hygiene,
45 (supplement 1): S87-S93.
Umpleby, R.A. & Sly, J.M.A. (1972) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 9 - Vegetables for human consumption 1972.
London: MAFF
Umpleby, R.A., Sly, J.M.A., Cutler, J.R. & Symonds, W. (1982) Pesticide Usage Survey Report1 9 - Vegetables for
human consumption 1977. London: MAFF
102

CROPS ENCOUNTERED DURING THE 2003 OUTDOOR VEGETABLE CROPS SURVEY APPENDIX 1
Brassicas etc. borecole Root crucifers radish
kale swede
broccoli turnips
calabrese
Brussels sprouts Sweetcorn sweetcorn
autumn cabbage
black cabbage Other vegetables
red cabbage Stems asparagus
savoy cabbage rhubarb
spring cabbage Flowers globe artichoke
summer cabbage Seeds mustard
white cabbage Fruit tomatoes
winter cabbage Baby leaf vegetables baby leaf veg. (unspecified)
cauliflower-autumn/summer chard - baby leaf
cauliflower-winter dandelion - baby leaf
kohlrabi lettuce - baby leaf
mizuna - baby leaf
Carrots, parsnips, celery carrots mustard - baby leaf
celery red chard - baby leaf
parsnips red mustard - baby leaf
rocket - baby leaf
Cucurbits courgette sorrel - baby leaf
cucumber spinach - baby leaf
gherkin Chinese vegetables Chinese veg. (unspecified)
marrow mibuna
melon mizuna
pumpkin pak choi
squash tatsoi
Herbs barge
Lettuce, endive etc. lettuce - iceberg types basil
lettuce – other types celery leaf
cabbage-Chinese chervil
endive chives
coriander
Onions & leeks garlic dill
leek fennel
dry onions fenugreek
red onions garlic chives
shallots lemon thyme
salad onions lemon verbena
marjoram
Other root vegetables beetroot mint
celeriac oregano
chicory parsley
Jerusalem artichoke rocket
horseradish rosemary
scorzonera sage
sweet potato tarragon
thyme
Peas and beans broad beans Leafy vegetables chard
French beans land cress
runner beans leaf beet
peas-picking for fresh market Lepidium (cress)
peas-vining radicchio
spinach
watercress
103

PESTICIDE USAGE SURVEY REPORTS APPENDIX 2
Surveys which include data relating to Scotland are marked with *
Surveys which include data relating to Northern Ireland are marked with #
PUBLISHED REPORTS 1
150 Review of usage of pesticides in agriculture & horticulture throughout Great Britain 1986-1996* PB 4188 £2.00
151 Grassland & fodder crops in Great Britain 1997* PB 4189 £3.00
152 Hardy Nursery Stock in Great Britain 1997* PB 4280 £3.00
153 Outdoor bulbs & flowers in Great Britain 1997* PB 4244 £2.00
154 Rodenticide usage on farms in Great Britain growing grassland and fodder crops 1997* PB 4739 £2.00
155 Rodenticide usage by Local Authorities in Great Britain 1997* PB 5411 £3.00
156 Grassland and fodder crops, Northern Ireland 1997 # ISBN 1 85527 506 6
157 Sheep treatments, Northern Ireland 1997 # ISBN 1 85527 425 6
158 Aerial applications, Great Britain 1998* PB 4552 £3.00
159 Arable farm crops in Great Britain 1998* PB 4808 £4.50
160 Soft fruit in Great Britain 1998* PB 5412 £3.50
161 Potato stores in Great Britain 1998* PB 5413 £2.50
162 Rodenticide usage on farms in Great Britain growing arable crops 1998* PB 5946 £2.50
163 Outdoor vegetable crops in Great Britain 1999* PB 5947 £3.50
164 Protected crops (edible and ornamental) in Great Britain 1999* PB 6166 £3.50
165 Mushroom crops in Great Britain 1999* PB 6167 £1.00
166 Aerial applications, Great Britain 1999* PB 8151 £1.50
167 Soft fruit crops, Northern Ireland 1998 # ISBN 1 85527 540 6
168 Arable crops, Northern Ireland 1998 # ISBN 1 85527 536 8
169 Vegetable crops, Northern Ireland 1999 # ISBN 1 85527 561 9
170 Mushroom crops, Northern Ireland 1999 # ISBN 1 85527 549 X
171 Arable farm crops in Great Britain 2000* PB 8014 £2.00
172 Orchards and fruit stores in Great Britain 2000* PB 6168 £1.50
173 Hops in Great Britain 2000 PB 6169 £1.00
174 Potato stores in Great Britain 2000* PB 8015 £1.50
175 Rodenticide usage on farms in Great Britain growing arable crops 2000* PB 8016 £1.50
176 Aerial applications, Great Britain 2000* PB 8152 £1.50
177 Arable crops, Northern Ireland 2000 # ISBN 1 85527 670 4
178 Top fruit crops, Northern Ireland 2002 # ISBN 1 85527 618 6
179 Farm grain stores in Great Britain 1998/99* PB 6170 £1.00
180 Commercial grain stores in Great Britain 1998/99* PB 6171 £1.00
181 Soft fruit crops in Great Britain 2001* PB 8017 £1.50
182 Hardy nursery stock in Great Britain 2001* PB 8177 £1.50
183 Outdoor bulbs and flowers in Great Britain 2001* PB 8153 £2.00
184 Aerial applications, Great Britain 2001* PB 8154 £1.50
185 Rodenticide usage by Local Authorities in Great Britain 2001* PB 10194 £2.50
186 Aerial applications, Great Britain 2002* PB 8176 £1.50
187 Arable crops in Great Britain 2002* PB 9148 £4.00
188 Grassland & fodder crops in Great Britain 2002* PB 10195 £3.00
189 Potato stores in Great Britain 2002* PB 10196 £1.50
Copies of reports categorised PB may be purchased from Defra Publications, Admail 6000, London SW1A 2XX
Tel: 08459 556000
Copies of reports categorised ISBN may be obtained through Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
1 For information on reports prior to number 150 consult our website at:
www.csl.gov.uk/prodserv/cons/pesticide/intell/reports.cfm
104