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issue of rules of origin in Egypt. First, anecdotal evidence suggests that obtaining a
proof of origin certificate from the Egyptian authorities is extremely straightforward
with little or no verification checks being undertaken. Secondly a large proportion of
Egypt’s exports to the EU are in sectors where establishing proof of origin is
relatively simple either because the goods are wholly obtained, or because of the high
use of domestic intermediate inputs (eg. Egyptian cotton). In part this also reflects the
overwhelming concentration of Egyptian exports in primary products, and in low-tech
manufacturing products. In turn this suggests that although currently rules of origin
may not be constraining, as Egyptian exporters attempt to diversify, move up the
value-chain, and become more vertically integrated in world trade, that rules of origin
may then prove to me of greater significance.