Etudes par pays volume 2, PDF, 346 p., 1,4 Mo - Femise

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11873_02 Study D2: Poverty, Informal Sector, Health and Labour multilateral). Aid from The Gulf States flowed in for the first time since 1979 combined with writing off long-term debt to Gulf States (US $ 7 billion). In the same time, the United States wrote off a substantial amount of its military debt (US$ 6.7 billion). The Paris Club Agreement, reached with the other major official creditors (17 main creditor governments), provided that 50 per cent of their outstanding commercial debt would be written off in stages over the succeeding three years, depending on Egypt carrying out its agreement with the IMF’s economic reform program (CBE, 1992, and Road, 1997). The second IMF agreement was concluded in 1993. At the end of the fiscal year 1996/1997, the third agreement triggered the final stake of commercial debt reduction and was supported by a further 24 months financial standby arrangement. Egypt implemented its economic reform program gradually. The success achieved by Egypt’s economic reform program can be summarized in the following points: - the Egyptian external debt has been decreased significantly from US $ 49 billion in 90/91 to only US $ 26.6 billion in 97/98. - The debt ratio as a percentage of GDP has decreased significantly from 151 per cent in 90/91 to only 37.7 per cent in 97/98. - The real interest rates became positive at 5 per cent in 97/98 com<strong>par</strong>ed with a negative rate of interest at 6 per cent in 90/91. - The rate of inflation has declined sharply from 23.6 per cent in 90/91 to only 4.1 per cent in 97/98. - With regard to the exchange rate, Egypt, like many other developing countries, had a multiple exchange rate system (MER). After the adoption of the economic reform program, the former multiple exchange rate system was replaced by a single-rate, market-oriented system with a managed floating of the Egyptian Pound for all public and private transactions. Although the Egyptian Pound depreciated during 1991, the FONDAZIONE CENSIS 18
11873_02 Study D2: Poverty, Informal Sector, Health and Labour exchange rate stabilized in the range between L.E. 3.35 -3.41 to US $1 from the third quarter of 1991 until the fourth quarter of 1998). - The foreign reserves increased significantly from only 3.6 billion of US $ in 90/91 to 21.8 billion of US $ in 97/98, which meant a rate of increase more than 500 per cent was achieved. - The real GDP growth rate declined sharply in the first two years of the economic reform program period to 1.9 per cent and 2.5 per cent, respectively. However, starting 1993, the real GDP growth rate has grown steadily, reaching 5.7 per cent in 97/98 (CBE, 1998). - In terms of the budget deficit, there has been a significant decrease through the period from 1990/91-1997/98, the overall deficit as a percentage of GDP has declined sharply from about 18.2 per cent in 90/91 to only 0.06 per cent in 97/98. In fact, the reduction in the overall deficit was obtained through both increasing the revenues and reduction in the expenditure. (CBE, 1998). - With regard to the privatization program, the first stage in the privatization process, which started in May 1991, was to cut off subsidies to the state-owned enterprises, followed by the removal of public enterprises from direct ministerial control (Field, 1995). The three hundred and fourteen public sector companies, were grouped (1991) under twenty-seven holding companies (now reduced to sixteen), that became responsible for all the affiliates in a <strong>par</strong>ticular sector (Road, 1997, and Timewell, 1991). A wide-scale privatization program started eventually. The process came almost to a halt in 1997. However, the Egyptian economy has suffered, since 1997 three well-known shocks. - The first shock was Luxor massacre in November 1997, which negatively affected tourism, - the second shock was the Far East crises June 1997, which encouraged imports from the far eastern countries and led to a massive outflow of portfolio investments, - the third shock was the sharp decline in the oil prices. FONDAZIONE CENSIS 19
Page 1 and 2: 2 F E M I S E R E S E A R C H P R O
Page 3 and 4: The study was carried out by a work
Page 5 and 6: 2.3. Aggregation of indicators: Pri
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Page 59 and 60: APPENDIX
Page 61 and 62: Table 2 - Population Distribution b
Page 63 and 64: Table 7 Gross Domestic Product at F
Page 65 and 66: Table 9 Investment and Saving durin
Page 67 and 68: Table 12: Income, Distribution and
Page 69 and 70: Table 15-c: Poverty measures by edu
Page 71 and 72: Table 20 : Housing conditions by po
Page 73 and 74: Table 24 The Number of Crimes Repor
Page 75 and 76: Rank Country CPI 2002 score Surveys
Page 77 and 78: Table 26 Maternal Health Indicators
Page 79 and 80: JORDAN Royal Scientific Society
Page 81 and 82: 11873_2002 Study D2: Poverty, Infor
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11873_2002 Study D2: Poverty, Infor
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Population Projection 2000 - 2005 Y
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Distribution of Population Living i
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Total Jordanians Non jordanians Tot
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Table 3 - Growth Rates of Economic
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Contribution of Economic Sectors to
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Table 1 Main Economic Indicators (C
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Table 2 Expenditure on Gross Domest
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Table 30 Components of Public Expen
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Table 32 Outstanding External Publi
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Table 34 Distribution of External L
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Table 2 - The Composition of Greek
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Table 4: Health (and Pension) Insur
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Table 5: Composition (%) of Health
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Table 6 Estimated ‘’Unregistere
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Table 8 Crimes recorded in criminal
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7. STATISTICAL ANNEX
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Table A2 - Population in Greece by
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Table A4 - Incidence of Poverty (Pe
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6. ANNESSO STATISTICO
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Tab. 1 - Struttura per età della p
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Tab. 3 - Struttura per età della p
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Tab. 5 - Principali indicatori soci
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Tab.5 (segue)- Principali indicator
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Tab. 6 - Cittadini stranieri reside
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Tab. 8 - Popolazione per classe d'e
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Tab. 10 - Andamento del Prodotto In
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Tab. 12 - Reddito disponibile - Ann
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Tab. 14 - Popolazione secondo la ri
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Tab. 16 - Tassi di disoccupazione p
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Tab. 18 - Assicurati e pensionati,
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SALUTE
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Tab. 21 - Andamento della diffusion
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Tab. 23 - Andamento dei casi di Aid
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Tab. 25 - Distribuzione degli istit
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Tab. 27 - Attività di medicina di
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POVERTÀ
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Tab. 30 Fonte: Istat
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CRIMINALITÀ
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Segue tab. 44 1995 1996 1997 1998 1
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Segue tab. 44 1995 1996 1997 1998 1
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Segue tab. 45 1995 1996 1997 1998 1
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Tab. 46 - Detenuti Presenti al 31 d
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Tab. 47 - Condannati per distretto
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Tab. 49 - Condannati per distretto
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TURKEY Selahattin Bekmez, Ph.D. - C
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Table 3: Turkish Citizen Working an
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Table 5: Real GNP by Main Kind of E
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Table :7 İmport-Export Values (mil
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Table 1: Existing Status and Object
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Table 2: Number of Doctors an numbe
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Table 3: Heath Expenditures per yea
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Table 7: Distribution of Cancer Cas
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TABLE II - Sentenced Juveniles Rece
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