Etudes par pays volume 2, PDF, 346 p., 1,4 Mo - Femise
Etudes par pays volume 2, PDF, 346 p., 1,4 Mo - Femise Etudes par pays volume 2, PDF, 346 p., 1,4 Mo - Femise
11873_2002 Study D2: Poverty, Informal Sector, Health and Labour Providing all the data for last two decades from a single source was not possible. Most of data are not quite organized, and for more recent years. For that reason, we collected the date from different source, and showed extra efforts to eliminate inconsistencies. Improvements in the health sector are represented by the number of beds in hospitals and the improvements in education are represented by the number of schools and the number of students per school. The main logic behind this is because only 5% of all students can have chance to go to higher education institutions. Correlation Coefficients The primary aim in this chapter is to find interrelations among crime, income and other socio-economic factors. The easiest way to know these relations is to find the correlation coefficients of mentioned variables. A correlation coefficient measures the value of interrelations between two variables. If this coefficient receives a value between 0 and 1, we call it a positive correlation, and if it receives a value between –1 and 0, we call it a negative correlation. Actually, correlation coefficient receiving exactly the value of zero implies that there is no relationship whatsoever between two variables. In other words, a correlation coefficient is always between the value of –1 and 1, and it gives only the magnitude of the relations, not reasons of the relations. The following table has been prepared with this logic. Table 2 - The correlation coefficients for people convicted and some economic indicators FONDAZIONE CENSIS Number of persons imprisoned Per capita income Unemployment Education No of persons imprisoned 1 .823** .628** .653** Kişi Başına Düşen Gelir .823** 1 .650** .436* İşsizlik .628** .650** 1 0.258 Eğitim .653** .436* 0.258 1 ** % 1 337
11873_2002 Study D2: Poverty, Informal Sector, Health and Labour There is a positive correlation between per capita income and the number of people imprisoned. In other words, $1 increase in per capita income results a 0.82 increase in the number of people imprisoned. This result is of course, contradicts with expectations, since people expect that if per capita income increases, the imprisonment level should decrease. However, number tells a different story for Turkey. The reason for that is because, even though total income level increases, the distribution of income has some problems. If the distribution of income works against most of the population, and the structure of economy makes the rich even richer while making the poor ever poorer, the number of people imprisoned expected to increase. Per capita income increased from $1500 to $2900 in last twenty years. Increase in per capita income is 93.3%, while increase in the number of people imprisoned is 200% in last twenty years. Table 3 and 4 below show inadequate income distribution for 1987 and 1994. Table 3: Income distribution Results for 1987 and 1994 Income groups 1987 1994 1.%20 5,2 4,9 2.%20 9,6 8,6 3.%20 14 12,6 4.%20 21,2 19 5.%20 50 54,9 Gini Katsayısı 0,43 0,49 Source: SIS, Household income and consumption expenses Survey results, 1987, p:63 and 1997, p:79 As can be seen from Table 3, the comparison of both 20% shares and Gini coefficients for 1980 and 1990 show that inequity in income distribution increases over time. As Gini coefficient gets close to one, the inequity in income distribution increases. If we look at the fifth 20% of the population, they receive 50% of all income in 1987, and almost 55% of all income in 1994. This means that the remaining 80% of the population receives the rest of the income, and thus, they are poor. According to our point of view, the main reason of positive correlation between income level and the rate of crime is because of inequity in income distribution. Fortunately, event FONDAZIONE CENSIS 338
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11873_2002 Study D2: Poverty, Informal Sector, Health and Labour<br />
There is a positive correlation between per capita income and the number of<br />
people imprisoned. In other words, $1 increase in per capita income results<br />
a 0.82 increase in the number of people imprisoned. This result is of course,<br />
contradicts with expectations, since people expect that if per capita income<br />
increases, the imprisonment level should decrease. However, number tells a<br />
different story for Turkey. The reason for that is because, even though total<br />
income level increases, the distribution of income has some problems. If the<br />
distribution of income works against most of the population, and the<br />
structure of economy makes the rich even richer while making the poor ever<br />
poorer, the number of people imprisoned expected to increase. Per capita<br />
income increased from $1500 to $2900 in last twenty years. Increase in per<br />
capita income is 93.3%, while increase in the number of people imprisoned<br />
is 200% in last twenty years. Table 3 and 4 below show inadequate income<br />
distribution for 1987 and 1994.<br />
Table 3: Income distribution Results for 1987 and 1994<br />
Income groups 1987 1994<br />
1.%20 5,2 4,9<br />
2.%20 9,6 8,6<br />
3.%20 14 12,6<br />
4.%20 21,2 19<br />
5.%20 50 54,9<br />
Gini Katsayısı 0,43 0,49<br />
Source: SIS, Household income and consumption expenses Survey results, 1987, p:63 and<br />
1997, p:79<br />
As can be seen from Table 3, the com<strong>par</strong>ison of both 20% shares and Gini<br />
coefficients for 1980 and 1990 show that inequity in income distribution<br />
increases over time. As Gini coefficient gets close to one, the inequity in<br />
income distribution increases. If we look at the fifth 20% of the population,<br />
they receive 50% of all income in 1987, and almost 55% of all income in<br />
1994. This means that the remaining 80% of the population receives the rest<br />
of the income, and thus, they are poor. According to our point of view, the<br />
main reason of positive correlation between income level and the rate of<br />
crime is because of inequity in income distribution. Fortunately, event<br />
FONDAZIONE CENSIS<br />
338
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