Etudes par pays volume 2, PDF, 346 p., 1,4 Mo - Femise
Etudes par pays volume 2, PDF, 346 p., 1,4 Mo - Femise Etudes par pays volume 2, PDF, 346 p., 1,4 Mo - Femise
11873_02 Study D2: Poverty, Informal Sector, Health and Labour Table 4: Regional Poverty Measures 2002 using different poverty lines Lower Objective Lower Relative Subjective Poverty Poverty Line Poverty Line Line Region P0 P1 P2 P0 P1 P2 P0 P1 P2 FONDAZIONE CENSIS % of individuals with insufficient income 15 Metropolitan 5.72 1.36 0.46 4.62 0.96 0.33 42.53 12.48 5.65 22.47 Lower Urban 9.81 2.57 0.98 9.81 3.08 1.29 33.69 10.42 4.62 26.87 Lower Rural 16.57 3.00 0.88 22.13 3.87 1.15 30.69 7.54 2.94 29.07 Upper Urban 19.19 4.77 1.82 15.87 4.61 1.85 36.13 10.32 4.65 36.40 Upper Rural 34.87 8.22 2.77 39.02 10.29 3.64 23.32 5.67 2.14 17.75 All Egypt 20.40 4.62 1.55 22.58 5.46 1.91 31.82 8.54 3.59 24.27 Source: Subjective Poverty & Social Capital (2003). Rural areas in each governorate are more deprived than urban areas especially when the objective poverty is used. Metropolitan Region 16 has the highest subjective poverty, which could be explained by the fact that urban citizens are influenced by their surroundings and by “the demonstration effect”. They feel their neediness more than the rural citizens do. That is sometimes the reason why most of the government programs are biased towards Urban in developing countries 17 . - According to the newly measured (CPM) 18 , there is considerable chronic under-nutrition among Egyptian children with higher proportion in rural areas, and underweight children are common in rural Upper Egypt, on the other hand, medically assisted delivery is more common for urban births and to highly educated mothers. 15 This percentage reflects the perception of the individuals, whether they consider themselves poor or not. 16 Which perceive higher basic needs requirements. 17 As they rely on subjective poverty. 18 Capability Poverty Measurement. 4
11873_02 Study D2: Poverty, Informal Sector, Health and Labour - The education status plays a major role in determining poverty in Egypt 19 , as poverty is inversely correlated with educational attained, it is noticed that the great majority of the poor have attained only primary level education or no education at all, and the lowest headcounts achieved by those with university education. However, poverty measures in urban areas are about 1.3 times those in rural areas in categories with low levels of education, which means that education in urban areas plays a more important role in determining poverty status. - According to statistics, real per-capita expenditure on education has increased by almost 75% for the poor, and 33% for the non-poor, this is because most of the poor household heads see education as the main escape gate out of poverty on one hand, and the reliance on “private lessons” raises the poor Household’s spending on education. Still, the distribution of the households` expenditure on education is severely skewed towards rich families and this is a reflection of low university enrolment ratios among poor households. On the other side, the Egyptian government has increased its public education expenditure in order to reduce the capability poverty, but the benefits are biased in favor of the rich especially in the higher education. - It is also evident that within each region, whether urban or rural, all objective poverty measures are highest for the private sector workers compared to other sectors of employment, the same thing is true if subjective poverty notion is applied, with narrower gaps between the poor and non poor, specially in rural areas. - It was noticed that families with children are worse off than families without children, and families with more children are worse off than families with few children. Combining gender of the household head with marital status and number of children shows that poverty is highest in household headed by females that are widows and have more than three children; this criterion may be a good characteristic for targeting the poor. 19 According to the World Bank Report on Poverty (2002), education was considered the strongest correlate of poverty, whit more than 45% of the poor are illiterate. FONDAZIONE CENSIS 5
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- Page 59 and 60: APPENDIX
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- Page 75 and 76: Rank Country CPI 2002 score Surveys
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11873_02 Study D2: Poverty, Informal Sector, Health and Labour<br />
Table 4: Regional Poverty Measures 2002 using different poverty lines<br />
Lower Objective Lower Relative Subjective Poverty<br />
Poverty Line Poverty Line<br />
Line<br />
Region P0 P1 P2 P0 P1 P2 P0 P1 P2<br />
FONDAZIONE CENSIS<br />
% of<br />
individuals<br />
with<br />
insufficient<br />
income 15<br />
Metropolitan 5.72 1.36 0.46 4.62 0.96 0.33 42.53 12.48 5.65 22.47<br />
Lower<br />
Urban<br />
9.81 2.57 0.98 9.81 3.08 1.29 33.69 10.42 4.62 26.87<br />
Lower Rural 16.57 3.00 0.88 22.13 3.87 1.15 30.69 7.54 2.94 29.07<br />
Upper<br />
Urban<br />
19.19 4.77 1.82 15.87 4.61 1.85 36.13 10.32 4.65 36.40<br />
Upper Rural 34.87 8.22 2.77 39.02 10.29 3.64 23.32 5.67 2.14 17.75<br />
All Egypt 20.40 4.62 1.55 22.58 5.46 1.91 31.82 8.54 3.59 24.27<br />
Source: Subjective Poverty & Social Capital (2003).<br />
Rural areas in each governorate are more deprived than urban areas<br />
especially when the objective poverty is used.<br />
Metropolitan Region 16 has the highest subjective poverty, which could be<br />
explained by the fact that urban citizens are influenced by their surroundings<br />
and by “the demonstration effect”. They feel their neediness more than the<br />
rural citizens do. That is sometimes the reason why most of the government<br />
programs are biased towards Urban in developing countries 17 .<br />
- According to the newly measured (CPM) 18 , there is considerable chronic<br />
under-nutrition among Egyptian children with higher proportion in rural<br />
areas, and underweight children are common in rural Upper Egypt, on the<br />
other hand, medically assisted delivery is more common for urban births<br />
and to highly educated mothers.<br />
15 This percentage reflects the perception of the individuals, whether they consider<br />
themselves poor or not.<br />
16 Which perceive higher basic needs requirements.<br />
17 As they rely on subjective poverty.<br />
18 Capability Poverty Measurement.<br />
4
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