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11873_02 Study D2: Poverty, Informal Sector, Health and Labour 3.4. Phenomenology According to poverty measures of El-Laithy presented in Table-1, poverty 12 has increased on both national and regional level between 1981/82 and 1990/91, then stabilized in 1995/96 and then started to decline in 1999/00. However, it is noticed also that the Gini coefficient increased during 1999/00 com<strong>par</strong>ed to 1995/96. How could this contradiction of decline in poverty and increase in the Gini coefficient be explained? At the national level the growth was not pro-poor, thus the non-poor benefited more than the poor did from the growth. Correspondingly, the Gini coefficient increased from 34.5 to 37.8 13 . Table 1 - Regional Poverty Measures (1981/82-1999/00) Region Year FONDAZIONE CENSIS Lower Poverty Line Upper Poverty Line P0 P1 P2 P0 P1 P2 All Egypt 1981/82 16.42 3.77 1.23 23.65 6.04 2.23 - 1990/91 30.37 8.62 3.36 39.09 11.99 5.03 - 1995/96 29.25 5.79 1.58 42.46 10.13 3.32 34.5 1999/00 16.74 2.97 0.8 37.8 All Urban 1981/82 16.75 4.25 1.52 25.99 7.26 2.88 34.8 1990/91 26.06 6.59 2.28 36.82 10.58 4.15 34.8 1995/96 29.03 6.48 1.95 42.87 11.67 4.24 33.7 All Rural 1981/82 16.60 3.20 0.87 22.95 4.89 1.49 25.8 1990/91 34.12 10.97 4.90 41.25 13.88 6.45 36.6 1995/96 29.00 5.59 1.52 41.87 9.28 2.89 24.9 Source: El-Laithy (1999, 2002) 12 Named P0. 13 WB, Op.cit., p.19 Gini Index 2
11873_02 Study D2: Poverty, Informal Sector, Health and Labour The Period 1981/82-1995/96 Urban poverty has increased more rapidly than rural poverty, although the rural poverty rate is still higher than urban rate. The observed increases in national and urban poverty are mainly due to the decrease in average percapita expenditure (growth component), as the decline in average per-capita expenditure neutralized improvements in distribution. However, the observed change in rural poverty is fully accounted for the improvements in expenditure distribution, at least for the poorest of the poor and this is consistent with the declining Gini coefficient and stagnant increase in rural areas. As a matter of fact, there is no lack of poverty estimates in Egypt, but debates about methods of poverty measurement are common because poverty is an elusive concept and no single measure can properly or adequately reflect its magnitude and features. <strong>Mo</strong>st of poverty studies in Egypt used household surveys conducted by CAPMAS, in 1974/75, 1981/82, 1990/91, 1995/96 and 1999/2000 and used the same food energy requirement, these studies adopted also the same indicator of welfare expenditure. Table 2 Poverty Incidence in Various Studies in Egypt FONDAZIONE CENSIS 1981/82 1990/91 1995/96 Urban The World Bank (1991) 21.00 Korayem (1994) 30.40 35.90 El-Laithy & Osman(1997) 33.50 39.00 45.00 Cardiff (1997) 12.60 30.80 El-Laithy et al (1999): Lower 16.80 26.10 29.00 Rural The World Bank (1991) 25.00 Korayem (1994) 29.70 56.40 El-Laithy & Osman(1997) 26.90 39.20 50.9 Cardiff (1997) 32.20 55.2 El-Laithy et al (1999): Lower 16.60 34.10 29.00 Source: Subjective Poverty & Social Capital (2003) 2
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Page 59 and 60: APPENDIX
Page 61 and 62: Table 2 - Population Distribution b
Page 63 and 64: Table 7 Gross Domestic Product at F
Page 65 and 66: Table 9 Investment and Saving durin
Page 67 and 68: Table 12: Income, Distribution and
Page 69 and 70: Table 15-c: Poverty measures by edu
Page 71 and 72: Table 20 : Housing conditions by po
Page 73 and 74: Table 24 The Number of Crimes Repor
Page 75 and 76: Rank Country CPI 2002 score Surveys
Page 77 and 78: Table 26 Maternal Health Indicators
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JORDAN Royal Scientific Society
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11873_2002 Study D2: Poverty, Infor
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Population Projection 2000 - 2005 Y
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Distribution of Population Living i
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Total Jordanians Non jordanians Tot
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Table 3 - Growth Rates of Economic
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Contribution of Economic Sectors to
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Table 1 Main Economic Indicators (C
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Table 2 Expenditure on Gross Domest
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Table 30 Components of Public Expen
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Table 32 Outstanding External Publi
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Table 34 Distribution of External L
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Table 2 - The Composition of Greek
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Table 4: Health (and Pension) Insur
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Table 5: Composition (%) of Health
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Table 6 Estimated ‘’Unregistere
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Table 8 Crimes recorded in criminal
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7. STATISTICAL ANNEX
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Table A2 - Population in Greece by
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Table A4 - Incidence of Poverty (Pe
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6. ANNESSO STATISTICO
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Tab. 1 - Struttura per età della p
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Tab. 3 - Struttura per età della p
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Tab. 5 - Principali indicatori soci
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Tab.5 (segue)- Principali indicator
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Tab. 6 - Cittadini stranieri reside
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Tab. 8 - Popolazione per classe d'e
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Tab. 10 - Andamento del Prodotto In
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Tab. 12 - Reddito disponibile - Ann
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Tab. 14 - Popolazione secondo la ri
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Tab. 16 - Tassi di disoccupazione p
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Tab. 18 - Assicurati e pensionati,
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SALUTE
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Tab. 21 - Andamento della diffusion
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Tab. 23 - Andamento dei casi di Aid
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Tab. 25 - Distribuzione degli istit
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Tab. 27 - Attività di medicina di
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POVERTÀ
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Tab. 30 Fonte: Istat
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CRIMINALITÀ
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Segue tab. 44 1995 1996 1997 1998 1
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Segue tab. 44 1995 1996 1997 1998 1
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Segue tab. 45 1995 1996 1997 1998 1
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Tab. 46 - Detenuti Presenti al 31 d
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Tab. 47 - Condannati per distretto
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Tab. 49 - Condannati per distretto
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TURKEY Selahattin Bekmez, Ph.D. - C
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Table 3: Turkish Citizen Working an
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Table 5: Real GNP by Main Kind of E
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Table :7 İmport-Export Values (mil
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Table 1: Existing Status and Object
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Table 2: Number of Doctors an numbe
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Table 3: Heath Expenditures per yea
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Table 7: Distribution of Cancer Cas
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TABLE II - Sentenced Juveniles Rece
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