Etudes par pays volume 2, PDF, 346 p., 1,4 Mo - Femise

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11873_02 Study D2: Poverty, Informal Sector, Health and Labour The outcome of the large infrastructure of rural and urban health facilities has been far less than expected. Due to: - Lack of adequate training for the staff - Low utilization of services - Low investment in PHC, and in health in general - Bad physical status of the health facilities - Low salaries - Weak managerial skills, including lack of supervision, follow up and monitoring - Lack of effective community participation and involvement in health planning, monitoring, evaluation and utilization There is a clear need for policy reform, advances in quality assurance, human resource and systems development, decentralization, improved resource allocation, and increased private sector and community participation. Several health challenges are facing Egypt including lack of accessibility to adequate health care for poor and low insurance coverage among agriculture workers and unemployed. Another challenge that is due to external factor is the increasing cost for health care due to deteriorating exchange rate. If the current population growth rate continues and the economy does not recover, in the near future health problems will aggravate in the future. FONDAZIONE CENSIS 15
11873_02 Study D2: Poverty, Informal Sector, Health and Labour 3. POVERTY 3.1. Definition Although poverty has many manifestations and causes, but its main driving force is the process of exclusion from access to certain basic physical, human and social assets. To define poverty it needs selection of a welfare criterion in order to put a line that divides population into poor and non- poor, this criterion could be income-based approach or non income-based approach: - Income-based approach is the commonly used measurement to define the poor, by determining a level of income 7 if not attained by a person or a family, the later is classified poor. This critical level of income that separates the poor from non poor is named poverty line which could be in form of any of the following: - Absolute poverty line. - Relative poverty line. - Subjective poverty line. Most measurements in Egypt are based on some variant of the absolute consumption-based poverty line 8 . According to this approach of definition, three main features, which, characterize the poor people: low standard of living; low income and high propensity to borrow. In fact, this approach of defining poverty has two main limitations, as it does not account for access to essential public goods and services for instance clean water or environment, education and health, which affect 7 Owing to a number of well-known difficulties of collecting accurate data on income, consumption expenditure is employed instead of income levels. 8 Although EHRD 1996 introduced estimation of subjective poverty based on people perceptions and their neighbor's situation. FONDAZIONE CENSIS 16
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Page 59 and 60: APPENDIX
Page 61 and 62: Table 2 - Population Distribution b
Page 63 and 64: Table 7 Gross Domestic Product at F
Page 65 and 66: Table 9 Investment and Saving durin
Page 67 and 68: Table 12: Income, Distribution and
Page 69 and 70: Table 15-c: Poverty measures by edu
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Table 20 : Housing conditions by po
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Table 24 The Number of Crimes Repor
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Rank Country CPI 2002 score Surveys
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Table 26 Maternal Health Indicators
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JORDAN Royal Scientific Society
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11873_2002 Study D2: Poverty, Infor
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Population Projection 2000 - 2005 Y
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Distribution of Population Living i
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Total Jordanians Non jordanians Tot
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Table 3 - Growth Rates of Economic
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Contribution of Economic Sectors to
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Table 1 Main Economic Indicators (C
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Table 2 Expenditure on Gross Domest
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Table 30 Components of Public Expen
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Table 32 Outstanding External Publi
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Table 34 Distribution of External L
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Table 2 - The Composition of Greek
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Table 4: Health (and Pension) Insur
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Table 5: Composition (%) of Health
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Table 6 Estimated ‘’Unregistere
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Table 8 Crimes recorded in criminal
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7. STATISTICAL ANNEX
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Table A2 - Population in Greece by
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Table A4 - Incidence of Poverty (Pe
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6. ANNESSO STATISTICO
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Tab. 1 - Struttura per età della p
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Tab. 3 - Struttura per età della p
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Tab. 5 - Principali indicatori soci
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Tab.5 (segue)- Principali indicator
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Tab. 6 - Cittadini stranieri reside
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Tab. 8 - Popolazione per classe d'e
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Tab. 10 - Andamento del Prodotto In
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Tab. 12 - Reddito disponibile - Ann
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Tab. 14 - Popolazione secondo la ri
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Tab. 16 - Tassi di disoccupazione p
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Tab. 18 - Assicurati e pensionati,
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SALUTE
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Tab. 21 - Andamento della diffusion
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Tab. 23 - Andamento dei casi di Aid
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Tab. 25 - Distribuzione degli istit
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Tab. 27 - Attività di medicina di
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POVERTÀ
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Tab. 30 Fonte: Istat
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CRIMINALITÀ
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Segue tab. 44 1995 1996 1997 1998 1
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Segue tab. 44 1995 1996 1997 1998 1
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Segue tab. 45 1995 1996 1997 1998 1
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Tab. 46 - Detenuti Presenti al 31 d
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Tab. 47 - Condannati per distretto
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Tab. 49 - Condannati per distretto
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TURKEY Selahattin Bekmez, Ph.D. - C
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Table 3: Turkish Citizen Working an
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Table 5: Real GNP by Main Kind of E
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Table :7 İmport-Export Values (mil
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Table 1: Existing Status and Object
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Table 2: Number of Doctors an numbe
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Table 3: Heath Expenditures per yea
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Table 7: Distribution of Cancer Cas
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TABLE II - Sentenced Juveniles Rece
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