Etudes par pays volume 2, PDF, 346 p., 1,4 Mo - Femise
Etudes par pays volume 2, PDF, 346 p., 1,4 Mo - Femise Etudes par pays volume 2, PDF, 346 p., 1,4 Mo - Femise
11873_2002 Study D2: Poverty, Informal Sector, Health and Labour In 2000, total public and private health care expenditure in Greece represented 9.1 per cent of GDP, up from 4.2 per cent in 1990. This figure is considered by researchers as an underestimate of the actual expenses by 1- 1.5 per cent of GDP, due to the inaccurate calculation of the private expenditure – missing the underground economy in health care in the form of expenses not included in GDP or tax evasion. These expenses are under the table payments for quicker access to NHS or extra charges by the physicians in public hospitals, e.g. for an operation or tips to nurses. For instance, by mid-1990s, the ‘’unregistered’’ expenditure on health was estimated to represent 1.1 per cent of GDP (table 6). 2.2. Policy and Legislation The NHS was established in 1983 (L. 1397/1983) after the socialist government took office, setting as a basic principle that health care is a social good not subjected to the laws of profit and is offered free of charge equally to each and every citizen independently of his or her socioeconomic position. The protection of the citizens’ health is the exclusive responsibility of the state. The law sets in motion a process of decentralization of health services; their integrated planning; the development of primary health care at the Health Centers; and the institution of the hospital physician with ‘full and exclusive’ employment. Private hospitals that until then were subsidized by the government were turned into state hospitals. Over time, it was realized that the NHS was not functioning in the way expected and the provisions of the law were, for a number of reasons, not properly implemented. Thus, in 1992, a new law (L. 2071/1992) was passed by the conservative government that came to power, for the ‘modernization’ and organization of the NHS. Changing partly the philosophy of the previous system, the new legislation moved towards a more ‘neoliberal’ approach. They tried, in effect, to fix some of the weaknesses and flaws of the NHS after ten years’ experience with it. FONDAZIONE CENSIS 139
Table 6 Estimated ‘’Unregistered’’ Health Expenditure as a Proportion of GDP and of Total Expenditure on Health Unregistered health Expenditure as % of Years GDP Total health expenditure 1982 1.06 17.5 1988 1.56 25.1 1994 1.13 16.9 Note: Unregistered health expenditure is taken as the difference between expenditure on health given in the household survey and income from the National Accounts Statistics. Source: Souliotis, 2002
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- Page 109 and 110: Population Projection 2000 - 2005 Y
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- Page 133 and 134: Table 2 - The Composition of Greek
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Table 6 Estimated ‘’Unregistered’’ Health Expenditure as a Proportion of GDP and<br />
of Total Expenditure on Health<br />
Unregistered health Expenditure as % of<br />
Years GDP Total health expenditure<br />
1982 1.06 17.5<br />
1988 1.56 25.1<br />
1994 1.13 16.9<br />
Note: Unregistered health expenditure is taken as the difference between expenditure on<br />
health given in the household survey and income from the National Accounts Statistics.<br />
Source: Souliotis, 2002
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