PDF, GB, 139 p., 796 Ko - Femise
PDF, GB, 139 p., 796 Ko - Femise PDF, GB, 139 p., 796 Ko - Femise
The other notable examples of changes in trade policy in the second half of 1990's involve the application of restructuring clauses by Poland. 44 In 1994, for the first time, the clause was applied to imported telecommunication equipment from the EU members. According to the government, the decision resulted from the necessity to restore the profitability of telecommunication equipment manufacturing in Poland that was heavily dependent on imported components. The restructuring clause was also used in 1996 to oil-refining products. Poland extended the period of reducing customs duties on oil-refining products until 2001 (according to the original timetable, customs duties were to be brought down to 0 at the beginning of 1999). 45 The restructuring clause, was applied for the third time, in 1997. Poland decided then to maintain tariffs at 9% in order to protect its restructuring of steel industry, despite the time-table of liberalization under Europe Agreement. One can reasonably argue that the application of restructuring clauses resulted from efficient lobbying, since this was almost explicitly foreseen by article 28 of the Europe Agreement. The third and the most spectacular case involves the application of various import-reducing measures applied to imported gelatine. The main lobbyist was Mr. K. Grabek, the owner of three out of four factories producing gelatine in Poland and the sixth richest individual in Poland in 1999. He managed to get support from press and many influential politicians. Due to his lobbying, the sanitary norm for gelatine became more restrictive in 1993, the variables levies were introduced in 1995, and import duties were increased (from 15 to 56 per cent) in 1995. Finally, a total import ban on gelatine was imposed in 1998, under the claim that imported gelatine - if produced from bones of animals suffering from mad-cow disease - can be a public health hazard. 46 What was therefore the role of lobbying in early 1990’s? According to sociological questionnaire surveys made in 1993, the role of lobbies in Polish Parliament was quite important. The Members of the Parliament believed that the second task of the MP is to represent interest groups (11.1 percent of replies), and third to “organize the economy” (10.5 per cent of replies). On the other hand they believed that the organized interest groups did 44 Michalek (2005). 45 Poland's Foreign Trade Policy, 1995-1996, p.58-59. 46 Jasiecki, Moleda-Zdziech and Kurczewska (2000), p. 99-101. 77
have important impact on political decisions taken by other MPs (13 percent of replies). 47 The objective of this paper is to trace the impact of organized groups on Poland’s government objectives using the methodology from Goldberg and Maggi study. Estimation technique and data In our study we adopt a modified version of the empirical specification proposed by Goldberg and Maggi. In the original paper, the authors estimate equation (3) in a maximum likelihood framework. Since both variables, inverse import penetration and industry organisation dummy may be affected by the level of tariffs, there might be an endogeneity problem. This is resolved by using instruments for both variables in question. The endogeneity problem is more severe in the case of inverse import penetration, which may be heavily affected by the tariff on the left hand-side of the equation (3). Also, what the Grossman and Helpman model cares about is trade flows that stem from the Heckscher-Ohlin type of comparative advantage. In the first stage model we construct the inverse import penetration ratio in the same fashion as Maggi and Goldberg (see equation 3 further below). In order to avoid the endogeneity problem, we regress the actual inverse import penetration ratio on capital share in output, investment share in output, labour share in output, employment level and investment level. In this way we project the theoretical inverse import penetration as a reflection of comparative advantage stemming from factor endowments. Following Maggi and Goldberg, we have also estimated an alternative version of the first stage model where we also included concentration indices and the share of subsidies in output. Therefore, we estimate two versions of the first stage model with concentration and subsidies excluded (model 1) and included (model 2). The results of first stage regressions are given in the Appendix (Table 3). Including concentration and subsidies does not add to the overall fit of the first stage model. In our case, the data on the industry contributions were unavailable, since in the 1990s there was no official way for the industry to contribute to political campaign. However, as the 47 Wesołowski ed. (1998), p. 140 and 182. 78
- Page 27 and 28: n lnTijt = ∑ k= 1 β RTAijt + α1
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- Page 49 and 50: foreseen to take effect in 2005. Ho
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- Page 55 and 56: Table 2. The estimates for bilatera
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- Page 59 and 60: Yi (partner) 0.944 1.009 2.267 1.96
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- Page 71 and 72: ti 1+ ti xi Ii −α i mi = ⋅ ,
- Page 73 and 74: Probably the most extensive list of
- Page 75 and 76: eginning of 1990. But the tariff st
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- Page 101 and 102: Table 1 Estimation results for Isra
- Page 103 and 104: 1995 0.00202 [2.04]** -0.00199 [2.0
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- Page 111 and 112: society. In addition, they show tha
- Page 113 and 114: Johnson, Kaufmann, McMillan, and Wo
- Page 115 and 116: corruption. For example, upon grant
- Page 117 and 118: and criminal prosecution. On the ot
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- Page 125 and 126: Table 2 List of the Commonly Raised
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The other notable examples of changes in trade policy in the second half of 1990's involve the<br />
application of restructuring clauses by Poland. 44 In 1994, for the first time, the clause was<br />
applied to imported telecommunication equipment from the EU members. According to the<br />
government, the decision resulted from the necessity to restore the profitability of<br />
telecommunication equipment manufacturing in Poland that was heavily dependent on<br />
imported components. The restructuring clause was also used in 1996 to oil-refining products.<br />
Poland extended the period of reducing customs duties on oil-refining products until 2001<br />
(according to the original timetable, customs duties were to be brought down to 0 at the<br />
beginning of 1999). 45 The restructuring clause, was applied for the third time, in 1997. Poland<br />
decided then to maintain tariffs at 9% in order to protect its restructuring of steel industry,<br />
despite the time-table of liberalization under Europe Agreement. One can reasonably argue<br />
that the application of restructuring clauses resulted from efficient lobbying, since this was<br />
almost explicitly foreseen by article 28 of the Europe Agreement.<br />
The third and the most spectacular case involves the application of various import-reducing<br />
measures applied to imported gelatine. The main lobbyist was Mr. K. Grabek, the owner of<br />
three out of four factories producing gelatine in Poland and the sixth richest individual in<br />
Poland in 1999. He managed to get support from press and many influential politicians. Due<br />
to his lobbying, the sanitary norm for gelatine became more restrictive in 1993, the variables<br />
levies were introduced in 1995, and import duties were increased (from 15 to 56 per cent) in<br />
1995. Finally, a total import ban on gelatine was imposed in 1998, under the claim that<br />
imported gelatine - if produced from bones of animals suffering from mad-cow disease - can<br />
be a public health hazard. 46<br />
What was therefore the role of lobbying in early 1990’s? According to sociological<br />
questionnaire surveys made in 1993, the role of lobbies in Polish Parliament was quite<br />
important. The Members of the Parliament believed that the second task of the MP is to<br />
represent interest groups (11.1 percent of replies), and third to “organize the economy” (10.5<br />
per cent of replies). On the other hand they believed that the organized interest groups did<br />
44<br />
Michalek (2005).<br />
45<br />
Poland's Foreign Trade Policy, 1995-1996, p.58-59.<br />
46<br />
Jasiecki, Moleda-Zdziech and Kurczewska (2000), p. 99-101.<br />
77
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