production of selected secondary metabolites in transformed ...

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INFLUENCE OF POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS INTAKE ON LIPID METABOLISM IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERLIPIDAEMIA Simona Macuchová Mentor: Doc. RNDr. Ivana Márová, CSc. Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Purkyňova 118, 612 00, Brno, email: macuchova@fch.vutbr.cz INTRODUCION Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of mortality in most of industrialized countries. Risk factors include smoking, diabetes, obesity, high level of blood cholesterol, a diet high in fats, and having a personal or family history of heart disease. Cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, high blood pressure, and kidney disease involving dialysis are disorders that may also be associated with atherosclerosis (1). Atherosclerosis is characterized by deposition of cholesterol rich plaques in the endothelium. This observation stimulated research on the metabolism of cholesterol and revealed that cholesterol is transported in esterified form to cells by the low density lipoprotein (LDL). LDL is recognized by an endothelial cell receptor and introduced into the cell by endocytosis. There the esters are cleaved. The resulting free cholesterol is transferred to the cell walls. The process is strictly regulated. In atherosclerotic patients LDL is altered by oxidation. This altered LDL is taken up in unlimited amounts by macrophages. Dead macrophages filled with cholesterol esters are finally deposited in arteries (1). The fact that LDL is rendered toxic by oxidation raises the question which constituents of LDL are prone to undergo oxidation. LDL consists of a core of cholesterol esters which is surrounded by a phospholipid membrane in which the protein is inbedded. The latter is required to recognize the LDL cell receptor. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) esterified to cholesterol or present as phospholipids represent the most oxygen sensitive compounds of all these LDL constituents. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have effects on diverse physiological processes impacting normal health and chronic diseases, such as the regulation of plasma lipid levels, cardiovascular and immune function, insulin action, and neural development and visual function (1). Ingestion of PUFA would lead to their distribution to virtually every cell in the body with effects on membrane composition and function, eicosanoid synthesis, and signaling as well as the regulation of gene expression. Cell specific lipid metabolism, as well as the expression of fatty acid-regulated transcription factors likely play an important role in determining how cells respond to changes in PUFA composition. Chemically, PUFA belong to the class of simple lipids, as are fatty acids with two or more double bonds in cis position. There are two main families of PUFA: n-3 and n-6. These fatty acids family are not convertible and have very different biochemical roles. Dietary n-3 PUFA have several beneficial properties: - act favorably on blood characteristics by reducing platelet aggregation and blood viscosity; Sborník soutěže Studentské tvůrčí činnosti Student 2006 a doktorské soutěže O cenu děkana 2005 a 2006 Sekce DSP 2006, strana 210
- are hypotriglyceridemic; - exhibit antithrombotic and fibrinolytic activities; - exhibit antiinflammatory action; - reduce ischemia/reperfusion-induced cellular damage. This effect is apparently due to the incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid in membrane phospholipids. Linoleic acid (n-6) (LA) and alfa-linolenic acid (n-3) (LNA) are two of the main representative compounds, known as dietary essential fatty acids (EFA) because they prevent deficiency symptoms and cannot be synthesized by humans (1). Reduction of blood lipids and inhibition of LDL oxidation are the main therapeutic approaches to the treatment of atherosclerosis. Antioxidant agents, alone or in combination with hypolipidaemic drugs are considered useful for this treatment. Food supplements containing such substances can serve as additional therapeutical agents (1). CLINICAL EXPERIMENT The aim of this work was to contribute to current knowledge of the influence of an antioxidant supplement type on metabolic and antioxidant status in a group of hyperlipidemic patients. Influence of complex food supplement containing tocopherol as antioxidant component and polyunsaturatd fatty acids as hypolipidaemic component on antioxidant status and parameters of lipid metabolism in 30 patients with hyperlipidaemia was studied. Food supplement (180 mg of eicosapentaneic acid EPA, 120 mg of docosahexaneic acid DHA, 1.12 mg of vitamin E in 1 tbl.) was taken for 3 months, two tbl. daily; blood samples of each subject were taken in regular intervals. METHODS Determination of antioxidant activity Total antioxidant status was determined using ABTS method (Randox Laboratories, USA). Serum AGE (Advanced Glycation End Products) were analysed fluorimetrically at 350 nm/440 nm. Total amount of serum oxidation products „AOPP“ (Advanced Oxidation Protein Products) was analysed spectrophotometrically according to Witko-Sarsat et al. 1998 (2), in Kalousová et al. 2001 modification (3). Biochemical parameters A set of biochemical parameters characterizing lipid metabolism was measured at Department of Clinical Biochemistry in the Kyjov Regional Hospital. Levels of total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, HDL and LDL – cholesterol, apolipoproteine A and B, urea, creatinine, uric acid, alaninaminotransferase, aspartataminotransferase, albumin and glycated haemoglobin were determined using automatically system HITACHI 717. HPLC analysis As parameters of antioxidant status levels of serum carotenoids, α-tocopherol and retinol were measured using HPLC method. Separation of carotenoids, retinol and α-tocopherol was carried out using the Biospher column C18 (4,6 mm × 150 mm, particulation size 7 μm), methanol as the mobile phase and flow rate 1.1 ml.min -1 . Content of trans-all-retinol was detected at 325 nm, α-tocopherol at 289 nm and carotenoids at 450 nm. Sborník soutěže Studentské tvůrčí činnosti Student 2006 a doktorské soutěže O cenu děkana 2005 a 2006 Sekce DSP 2006, strana 211
Page 1 and 2: PRODUCTION OF SELECTED SECONDARY ME
Page 3 and 4: containing ampicillin, IPTG and x-g
Page 5 and 6: THE SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE RECOGNITI
Page 7 and 8: Figure 1 Negative-ion mode MALDI-TO
Page 9 and 10: Table 1 Evaluation of negative-ion
Page 11 and 12: Fig. 1: Scheme of the hydride gener
Page 13: [4] H. Matusiewicz, M. Kopras, J. A
Page 17 and 18: HYDROPHOBIZED SODIUM HYALURONATE IN
Page 19 and 20: spectrophotometer (AMINCO-Bowman, S
Page 21 and 22: Hyaluronate derivatives showed with
Page 23 and 24: copolymers were additionally functi
Page 25 and 26: Each micelle has a hydrophobic core
Page 27 and 28: STUDY OF THE COPPER(II) IONS NON-ST
Page 29 and 30: CuSO4, Cu(ClO4)2 and Cu2P2O7 of the
Page 31 and 32: total flux [mol.m -2 ] 0.7 0.65 0.6
Page 33 and 34: number of free radicals is very low
Page 35 and 36: Differences can be caused by severa
Page 37 and 38: MEASUREMENT OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROPE
Page 39 and 40: The typical time responses of tempe
Page 41 and 42: Figure 4 illustrates the typical de
Page 43 and 44: sodium sulphate and filtered to a 5
Page 45 and 46: Compare all tested evening primrose
Page 47 and 48: IMPROVED FLUORIMETRIC DETERMINATION
Page 49 and 50: Al F i 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
Page 51 and 52: F i 60 50 40 30 20 10 Data UCL LCL
Page 53 and 54: PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF PAINT
Page 55 and 56: Finally, the solubility parameter o
Page 57 and 58: Study of the influence of different
Page 59 and 60: Fig.1: Chemical structures of pI ma
Page 61 and 62: Identification of pI markers - Firs

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