2. ENVIRONMENTAL ChEMISTRy & TEChNOLOGy 2.1. Lectures

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Chem. Listy, 102, s265–s1311 (2008) Environmental Chemistry & Technology P16 ThE NATuRAL AND ANThROPOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION SOuRCES OF ThE HALČIANSKY WATER RESERVOIR SLAVOMíRA KAŠIAROVá a and MELánIA FESZTEROVá b a Trenčín University of A. Dubček, Department of public management, Študentská 2, 911 50 Trenčín, Slovakia b Constantine the Philosopher University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia kasiarovas@azet.sk Introduction Many technical sights, as an integral part of a landscape structure, are at the same time its dominant features as they are directly related to its history. In the Banská Štiavnica region they are mostly related to mining traditions. Importance of water reservoirs, also called “tajchy”, in the region stems their recreational utilisation. The cleanliness of water is therefore a key issue 1 . This study has focused on the identification of possible natural and anthropogenic sources 2 of pollution in the model territory of the Halčiansky water reservoir and consequently on its contamination. Water reservoirs built to provide the water energy for driving mining machinery are a part of a mining history. As such they are a typical landscape-ecological component of the Banská Štiavnica landscape. Because of their significance they are listed on The State List of Cultural Monuments as sights of technical development and on The World Catalogue of Water Reservoirs. Experiment and Methods In the model territory of the Halčiansky Water Reservoir, conditions of potential movement of water and related contaminants were analysed in relation to natural and anthropogenic sources of contaminants with the use of GIS (Geomedia Professional) tools. The aim of the analysis was to determine the vector of the transport and representative sampling points. Based on the system analysis of the above conditions, the selection of sampling points was proposed with the sampling points for the transport system set as transparent. Samples of water taken at the representative points (period 2006–2007) were analysed in situ by spectrophotometer (Hach DR 2000, Horiba) and related to an assumed model of contamination. The results of physical-chemical analysis were further compared with the expected transit and interpretation of the contamination in the territory. Results and Discussion The following characteristics have been derived from the results and water quality monitoring: (i) Water reaction, conductivity, turbidity, temperature, salinity, nitrates (1.3–2.2 mg dm –3 ) and amount of chlorides (1.6–9.3 mg dm –3 ) and sulphates (18–33 mg dm –3 ) complied s365 with the norm no. 490/2002 Z. z. during all seasons, and no measured value exceeded the norm. (ii) An increase of ammonia, nitrites, phosphates concentrations and of chemical consumption of oxygen exceeding the limit value set by the norm no. 491/2002 Z. z. was recorded during all four seasons. Free ammonia – concentration values of nH3 were in a range of 0.07–1.07 mg dm –3 them exceeding the limits of the norm ( < 0.3 mg dm –3 ). In the vicinity of the sampling points 2 and 3 there were grazing grounds foraged by cattle and sheep and an agricultural land fertilized by ammoniac, sulphate ammonia or liquid manure, increasing concentration of ammonium salts in water. Cattle excrements and fertilizers are entering water reservoir by the run-off flowing down the surrounding slopes. The directions of run-off conditions also confirm this. Another source of pollution at the sampling points 5 and 6 was stabled cattle and cesspools from the residential or recreational areas. The most distinctive representation of pollution in the form of nitrites 0.004–0.226 mg dm –3 was detected in spring when the concentration of those contaminants exceeded the value set up by the norm almost eleven times. Mutual comparison of sampling points indicated the highest concentration of nitrites at the sampling sites 3, 4, 5 and 6. nitrites are products of biochemical oxidation of ammonia and to lesser extent products of the reduction of nitrates. Their sources are household sewage and wastewater. There were also excessive concentrations of phosphates 0.6–2.1 mg dm –3 , which exceeded limits set up by the norm five times, with maximum concentrations registered in autumn at the sampling site 2. Main sources of phosphates are household sewage and wastewater together with dead bodies of plants and animals. Chemical consumption of oxygen 10–2,800 mg dm –3 • • • • had the highest value in winter, at the sampling site 1 (the dam), exceeding the limit value set up by the norm eighty times. Organic water pollution can be both of natural (leaches from the organically rich soil, forest, peat bog, etc.) and artificial origin (pesticides, fertilisers). The above results have shown that the selection of sampling points based on the system analyses and GIS outcomes confirmed assumptions of physical-chemical analysis of water in natural and residential zones. The exceptions were nitrates and chlorides concentrations, in case of which the higher values were expected especially in the agricultural areas or residential zones. Conclusions Results of potential conditions of contaminants in the territory of the vector movement of water and gravitation confronted with results of physical-chemical analyses show the relevance of the model. This will enable an effective
Chem. Listy, 102, s265–s1311 (2008) Environmental Chemistry & Technology and rational selection of sampling places in the future, ensuring the representativeness of sampling in the professional analysis of water contamination. This work has been supported by grant VEGA 1/3276/06. s366 REFEREnCES 1. Samešová D., Melichová Z., Šikulová Z.: Séria environ. ekol. 1, 104 (2002). 2. Samešová D., Ladomerský J.: Ekologia, 2006 (in press).
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2. ENVIRONMENTAL ChEMISTRy & TEChNOLOGy 2.1. Lectures

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