2. ENVIRONMENTAL ChEMISTRy & TEChNOLOGy 2.1. Lectures
2. ENVIRONMENTAL ChEMISTRy & TEChNOLOGy 2.1. Lectures
2. ENVIRONMENTAL ChEMISTRy & TEChNOLOGy 2.1. Lectures
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Chem. Listy, 102, s265–s1311 (2008) Environmental Chemistry & Technology<br />
P89 SOIL hyGIENE IN OLD <strong>ENVIRONMENTAL</strong><br />
buRDEN AREAS<br />
ALEnA VOLLMAnnOVá a , Ján TOMአa , DAnIEL<br />
BAJČAn a and PETER KOVáČIK b<br />
a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and<br />
Food Sciences,<br />
b Department of Agrochemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty<br />
of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture,<br />
Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 01 Nitra, Slovak Republic<br />
Alena.Vollmannova@uniag.sk<br />
Introduction<br />
The necessity of old environmental burden areas remedy<br />
is one of present environmental problems. The negative effect<br />
of the anthropogenic breach into the environment arised<br />
in the past still exists. It can be often a potential source of risk<br />
element input into the all components of the environment.<br />
The old scrap-heaps, mines, landfills, industrial, biological 1<br />
and chemical wastes, heavy metals 2 and oil products are<br />
important factors of the environment contamination.<br />
In our research work the soil hygiene of three various<br />
old environmental burden areas of Slovakia is evaluated.<br />
The first one is the wider surrounding of previous nickel<br />
smeltery in Sereď situated in the loaded region Dolný Váh,<br />
one of 12 regions of the Slovak Republic with the most contaminated<br />
soils by risk elements 3 . The second observed region<br />
is the alluvial area near of Štiavnica river running through the<br />
area long-time burden by intensive mine activity 4 . The third<br />
surveyed locality is the wider surrounding of Iron ore mines<br />
in Rudňany. This enterprise belonged in the past to the one<br />
of determining sources of the emission contamination of the<br />
environment in loaded area of Stredný Spiš.<br />
The risk of heavy metal input from residual metallic burden<br />
soil into the food plants as well as into the whole human<br />
food chain is in observed regions evident.<br />
Experimental<br />
The observation of risky elements in soils were realized<br />
on parcels in cadasters of villages: Zavar, Križovany, Vlčkovce,<br />
Hoste, Malá Mača and Veľká Mača in the distance<br />
of 5 to 9 km in northern and nort-western direction and in<br />
cadasters of villages Veľká Mača, Šintava and Vinohrady nad<br />
Váhom in the distance of 2 km south-western, <strong>2.</strong>8 km eastern<br />
and 3.5 km north-eastern from former emmission source of<br />
nickel smeltery Sereď.<br />
In longitudinal north-southern direction of river Štiavnica<br />
alluvium 11 soil samples from cadastres of villages Prenčov,<br />
Hontianske nemce, Hontianske Tesáre, Terany, Dudince,<br />
Hokovce, Horné Semerovce, Tupá, and Hrkovce were taken.<br />
The river length is 54.6 km. The distance between Prenčov<br />
and Hrkovce is about 36 km.<br />
In the Stredný Spiš region the soil samples were taken<br />
in cadaster of Markušovce in the distance of 10–1<strong>2.</strong>5 km<br />
north-western, Matejovce 7.6 km northern, Chrasť nad Hro<br />
s519<br />
nom 10 km north-eastern and Poráč 6 km eastern of former<br />
emmission source ŽB Rudňany.<br />
The samples with pedological probe from surface soil<br />
layer were taken from 33 experimental sites. Analyses were<br />
conducted in samples of soil ground on fine soil I. and from<br />
this fine soil the representative sample was taken and sieved<br />
through the sieve with average 0.2 mm (fine soil II). The total<br />
content of risky elements was determined by the AAS method<br />
in soil extract gained after total decomposition of soil by wet<br />
way with the mixture of acids HF + HnO 3 + HClO 4 .<br />
Results<br />
The soil hygiene was evaluated after Resolution of the<br />
Ministry of Agriculture of the Slovak Republic no. 531/1994-<br />
-540, which determines the hygienic limits for soil contents<br />
of 15 selected risk elements. The reference value A means<br />
that the soil is not contaminated if the substance concentration<br />
is below this value, the indicative value B means that soil<br />
contamination was analytically proven, the indicative value C<br />
means the necessity of the soil sanitation. The soils surround<br />
of previous nickel Smeltery Sereď could be considerated<br />
from the standpoint of risky metals contents as relatively<br />
„clean“, in spite of moderately enhanced contents of Cd, Cu,<br />
ni and Co. There was no content value meaning analytical<br />
proof of soil contamination. The Cd content was in the range<br />
from 1.6 to <strong>2.</strong>5-fold of background value A (0.8 mg Cd kg –1 )<br />
in all observed parcels. The ni content exceeded the value<br />
A (35 mg ni kg –1 ) in all parcels with the exception of Vinohrady<br />
nad Váhom locality, while it was enhanced from 1.1 to<br />
1.4-fold. The Cu content was increased in all localities with<br />
the exception of Zavar and Veľká Mača (1.03 to 1.93-fold of<br />
value A 36 mg Cu kg –1 ). The enhanced soil content of Co was<br />
observed in Zavar, Hoste, Veľká Mača and Šintava (1.06 to<br />
1.22-fold of value A 20 mg Co kg –1 ). All of the determined<br />
values were deeply under the hygienic limit for the soil contamination.<br />
In soils of the second observed region of alluvium Štiavnica<br />
river the soil contamination by high contents of Cu, Zn,<br />
Cd and Pb was confirmed. The determined Pb contents were<br />
extremely high in all of analysed soil samples and they even<br />
markedly exceeded the indicative limit value for soil sanitation<br />
C (600 mg Pb kg –1 ) given by valid legislative.The Cu<br />
and Pb contents in observed soils were the highest in Prenčov<br />
(<strong>2.</strong>6-fold of indicative value B 100 mg Cu kg –1 resp. 5.4-fold<br />
of indicative value C for Pb), the highest Zn and Cd contents<br />
were determined in soil of Hontianske nemce (5.52-fold<br />
resp. 4.24-fold of indicative values B 500 mg Zn kg –1 resp.<br />
5 mg Cd kg –1 ). The lowest Cu soil content was determined<br />
in Horné Semerovce (on the level of the indicative value<br />
B), the lowest Zn, Cd and Pb contents were determined in<br />
Hontianske Tesáre (Zn on the level of the limit value B, Cd<br />
30% under the limit and Pb 1.78-fold of the indicate value B<br />
150 mg Pb kg –1 ).<br />
The situation in the wider surrounding of the third<br />
surveyed site of the former emmission source was different.<br />
The enormly high content of Hg was found out in Markušovce