2. ENVIRONMENTAL ChEMISTRy & TEChNOLOGy 2.1. Lectures

Chem. Listy, 102, s265–s1311 (2008) Environmental Chemistry & Technology
P89 SOIL hyGIENE IN OLD ENVIRONMENTAL
buRDEN AREAS
ALEnA VOLLMAnnOVá a , Ján TOMአa , DAnIEL
BAJČAn a and PETER KOVáČIK b
a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and
Food Sciences,
b Department of Agrochemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty
of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture,
Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 01 Nitra, Slovak Republic
Alena.Vollmannova@uniag.sk
Introduction
The necessity of old environmental burden areas remedy
is one of present environmental problems. The negative effect
of the anthropogenic breach into the environment arised
in the past still exists. It can be often a potential source of risk
element input into the all components of the environment.
The old scrap-heaps, mines, landfills, industrial, biological 1
and chemical wastes, heavy metals 2 and oil products are
important factors of the environment contamination.
In our research work the soil hygiene of three various
old environmental burden areas of Slovakia is evaluated.
The first one is the wider surrounding of previous nickel
smeltery in Sereď situated in the loaded region Dolný Váh,
one of 12 regions of the Slovak Republic with the most contaminated
soils by risk elements 3 . The second observed region
is the alluvial area near of Štiavnica river running through the
area long-time burden by intensive mine activity 4 . The third
surveyed locality is the wider surrounding of Iron ore mines
in Rudňany. This enterprise belonged in the past to the one
of determining sources of the emission contamination of the
environment in loaded area of Stredný Spiš.
The risk of heavy metal input from residual metallic burden
soil into the food plants as well as into the whole human
food chain is in observed regions evident.
Experimental
The observation of risky elements in soils were realized
on parcels in cadasters of villages: Zavar, Križovany, Vlčkovce,
Hoste, Malá Mača and Veľká Mača in the distance
of 5 to 9 km in northern and nort-western direction and in
cadasters of villages Veľká Mača, Šintava and Vinohrady nad
Váhom in the distance of 2 km south-western, 2.8 km eastern
and 3.5 km north-eastern from former emmission source of
nickel smeltery Sereď.
In longitudinal north-southern direction of river Štiavnica
alluvium 11 soil samples from cadastres of villages Prenčov,
Hontianske nemce, Hontianske Tesáre, Terany, Dudince,
Hokovce, Horné Semerovce, Tupá, and Hrkovce were taken.
The river length is 54.6 km. The distance between Prenčov
and Hrkovce is about 36 km.
In the Stredný Spiš region the soil samples were taken
in cadaster of Markušovce in the distance of 10–12.5 km
north-western, Matejovce 7.6 km northern, Chrasť nad Hro
s519
nom 10 km north-eastern and Poráč 6 km eastern of former
emmission source ŽB Rudňany.
The samples with pedological probe from surface soil
layer were taken from 33 experimental sites. Analyses were
conducted in samples of soil ground on fine soil I. and from
this fine soil the representative sample was taken and sieved
through the sieve with average 0.2 mm (fine soil II). The total
content of risky elements was determined by the AAS method
in soil extract gained after total decomposition of soil by wet
way with the mixture of acids HF + HnO 3 + HClO 4 .
Results
The soil hygiene was evaluated after Resolution of the
Ministry of Agriculture of the Slovak Republic no. 531/1994-
-540, which determines the hygienic limits for soil contents
of 15 selected risk elements. The reference value A means
that the soil is not contaminated if the substance concentration
is below this value, the indicative value B means that soil
contamination was analytically proven, the indicative value C
means the necessity of the soil sanitation. The soils surround
of previous nickel Smeltery Sereď could be considerated
from the standpoint of risky metals contents as relatively
„clean“, in spite of moderately enhanced contents of Cd, Cu,
ni and Co. There was no content value meaning analytical
proof of soil contamination. The Cd content was in the range
from 1.6 to 2.5-fold of background value A (0.8 mg Cd kg –1 )
in all observed parcels. The ni content exceeded the value
A (35 mg ni kg –1 ) in all parcels with the exception of Vinohrady
nad Váhom locality, while it was enhanced from 1.1 to
1.4-fold. The Cu content was increased in all localities with
the exception of Zavar and Veľká Mača (1.03 to 1.93-fold of
value A 36 mg Cu kg –1 ). The enhanced soil content of Co was
observed in Zavar, Hoste, Veľká Mača and Šintava (1.06 to
1.22-fold of value A 20 mg Co kg –1 ). All of the determined
values were deeply under the hygienic limit for the soil contamination.
In soils of the second observed region of alluvium Štiavnica
river the soil contamination by high contents of Cu, Zn,
Cd and Pb was confirmed. The determined Pb contents were
extremely high in all of analysed soil samples and they even
markedly exceeded the indicative limit value for soil sanitation
C (600 mg Pb kg –1 ) given by valid legislative.The Cu
and Pb contents in observed soils were the highest in Prenčov
(2.6-fold of indicative value B 100 mg Cu kg –1 resp. 5.4-fold
of indicative value C for Pb), the highest Zn and Cd contents
were determined in soil of Hontianske nemce (5.52-fold
resp. 4.24-fold of indicative values B 500 mg Zn kg –1 resp.
5 mg Cd kg –1 ). The lowest Cu soil content was determined
in Horné Semerovce (on the level of the indicative value
B), the lowest Zn, Cd and Pb contents were determined in
Hontianske Tesáre (Zn on the level of the limit value B, Cd
30% under the limit and Pb 1.78-fold of the indicate value B
150 mg Pb kg –1 ).
The situation in the wider surrounding of the third
surveyed site of the former emmission source was different.
The enormly high content of Hg was found out in Markušovce