Chem. Listy, 102, s265–s1311 (2008) Environmental Chemistry & Technology cells often exceeds the amount predicted using information about the charge density of the cell surface 9,25 . bioprecipitation. Sulfate reduction is an example for the precipitation of metals ions in solution. Sulfate-reducing bacteria form metal sulfides that are insoluble. The stability of these sulfides depends on maintenance of anoxic conditions 7,24 , and nutrients are also inevitable. Stimulating sulfate reducion can increase pH also and form metal hydroxides and oxides that precipitate and do not migrate in soil and groundwater 7 . biooxidation, bioreduction. Microorganisms are also known to oxidize and reduce metal contaminants. Mercury and cadmium can be oxidized while arsenic and iron can be reduced by microorganisms. Cr(VI) can be oxidized to Cr(III) that is less mobile and toxic. Bacteria such as Bacilus subtilis and SRB in the presence of sulfur can perform this reaction 7 . bioremediation Technologies According to the site, bioremediation technologies are divided to: in-situ – are carried out at the place of the contamination, ex-situ – the contaminated matter is taken off from the natural locality and it is consequently processed26 • • . Ex situ bioremediation is usually realized on the specific revised place or in the reactor. The pre-treating of contaminated matter increases the efficiency of this process 26 . Ex-situ methods have been around longer and are better understood, and they are easier to contain, monitor, and control. However, in-situ bioremediation has several advantages over ex-situ techniques. In-situ treatment is useful for contaminants that are widely dispersed in the environment, present in dilute concentrations, or otherwise inaccessible (e.g., due to the presence of buildings or structures). This approach can be less costly and less disruptive than ex-situ treatments because no pumping or excavation is required. Moreover, exposure of site workers to hazardous contaminants during in-situ treatment is minimal 27 . Broadly, bioremediation strategies can be further divided into natural attenuation, biostimulation, and bioaugmentation strategies 27 . bioaugmentation presents an addition of microorganisms or their products, such as biosurfactants or enzymes28. Thus, inoculation of ‘specialized’ biomass may allow for an increased biodegradation of target pollutants as well as a more effective detoxification of the solid matrix 29 . Another common result of bioaugmentation is the dramatic reduction of remediation times 30,31 . Indigenous or exogenous, standard or modified microorganisms are used 32,33 . Generally, they present mixed cultures of microorganisms, but it could be also pure bacterial strains adapted onto the aimed contaminant in the laboratory 34,35 . biostimulation can be aggressive or passive, in that electron donors, electron acceptors, and trace nutrients can s455 be injected into the environment to stimulate indigenous organisms to increase biomass or activity to affect the contaminant. Passive biostimulation techniques include simple infiltration galleries or simply spreading fertilizer on surface without any pumping or mixing 25,27 . Natural attenuation relies on the intrinsic bioremediation capabilities of that environment. Environments high in organic carbon and energy sources, low contaminant concentrations, and without significant nutrient deficiencies may be able to degrade or transform the contaminants of concern without any intervention 27 . Conclusions Environmental biotechnologies with applications of bacteria are eco-friendly and cost effective. They present natural technologies for treatment of toxic metals from soil. The following development is desirable, because of the high specificity and the time-consuming of biological processes and because of the difficulty to control them. Acknowledgement (This work has been supported by Slovak Academy of Science No. VEGA 2/0049/08 REFEREnCES 1. Samsoe-Petersen L., Larsen E.H., Larsen P.B., Bruun P.: Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 3057 (2002). <strong>2.</strong> Ma Y., Dickinson n.M., Wong M.H.: Biol. Fertil. Soils 36, 79 (2002). 3. Berti W.R., Jacobs L.W.: J. Environ. Qual. 25, 1025 (1996). 4. Forstner U., 1995. In: Metal Speciation and contamination of Soil. (Allen H.G., Huang C.P., Bailey G.W., Bowers A.R. ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, (1995). 5. Stalikas C.D., Mantalovas Ach., Pilidis G.A.: Sci. Total environ. 206, 17 (1997). 6. Meena A.K., Mishra G.K., Rai P.K., Rajagopal Ch., nagar P.n.: J. Hazard. Mater. 112, 161 (2005). 7. Mulligan C.n., Yong, R.n, Gibbs B.F.: Eng. Geol. 60, 193 (2001). 8. Dercová K., Makovníková J., Barančíková B., Žuffa J.: Chemické listy 99, 682 (2005). 9. Tabak H.H., Lens P., van Hullebusch E.D., Dejonghe W.: Environ. Sci. Technol. 4, 115 (2005). 10. Ehrlich H.L.: Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 48, 687 (1997). 11. Ledin M.: Earth Scien. Rev. 51, 1 (2000). 1<strong>2.</strong> Gharieb M.M., Sayer J.A., Gadd G.M.: Mycol. Res. 102, 825 (1998). 13. Sayer J.A., Gadd G.M.: Mycol. Res. 101, 653 (1997). 14. White C., Gadd G.M.: Microbiol. 142, 2197 (1996). 15. Yong P. Macaskie L.E.: J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 63, 101 (1995). 16. Rawlings D.E.: in: Biomining: Theory, Microbes and Industrial Processes (Rawlings D.E., ed.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1997.
Chem. Listy, 102, s265–s1311 (2008) Environmental Chemistry & Technology 17. Schippers A., Sand W.: Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65, 319 (1999). 18. Ewart D.K., Hughe, M.n.: Adv. Inorg. Chem. 36, 103 (1991). 19. Bosecker K.: FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 20, 591 (1997). 20. John S.G.: Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 2942 (2001). 21. White Ch., Wilkinson S. C., Gadd G.M.: Internat. Biodet. Biodeg. 35, 17 (1995). 2<strong>2.</strong> Birh L., Bachofen R.: Experienta 46, 827 (1990). 23. Gadd G.M.: Geoderma 122, 109 (2004). 24. Gaszó L.G.: Cejoem 7, 178 (2001). 25. Palmisan A., Hazen T., Bioremediation of metals and radionuclides. Prepared for the nABIR, LBnL – 42595 (2003). 26. Kubal M., Burkhard J., Březina M.: in Dekontaminační technológie. VŠCHT, Praha 200<strong>2.</strong> 27. Hazen T.C., Tabak H.H.: Environ. Sci. Technol. 4, 157 (2005). s456 28. Gentry T.J, Josephson K.L., Pepper I.L.: Biodegrad. 15, 67 (2004). 29. Silva E., Fialho A.M., Sá-Correia I., Burns R.G., Shaw L.J.: Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 632 (2004). 30. Zhang C., Hughes J.B., nishino S.f., Spain J.C.: Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 2810 (2000). 31. Robles-Gonzales I.V., Fava F., Poggi-Voraldo H.M.: Microb. Cell. Fact. 7, 1 (2008). 3<strong>2.</strong> Boon n., Goris J., de Vos. P., Verstraet W., Top E.M.: Appl. Environ. Microbiol 66, 2906 (2000). 33. Vidali M., Pure Appl. Chem. 73, 1163 (2001). 34. Ramasamy K., Parwin Banu K., Parwin Banu S.: in: Enviromental bioremediation technologies. (Singh S.n., Tripathi R.D., ed.), p.7. Springer, new York 2004. 35. Dercová K.: Odpady 4, 16 (2004).
- Page 1 and 2:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 3 and 4:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 5 and 6:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 7 and 8:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 9 and 10:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 11 and 12:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 13 and 14:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 15 and 16:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 17 and 18:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 19 and 20:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 21 and 22:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 23 and 24:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 25 and 26:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 27 and 28:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 29 and 30:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 31 and 32:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 33 and 34:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 35 and 36:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 37 and 38:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 39 and 40:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 41 and 42:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 43 and 44:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 45 and 46:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 47 and 48:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 49 and 50:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 51 and 52:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 53 and 54:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 55 and 56:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 57 and 58:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 59 and 60:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 61 and 62:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 63 and 64:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 65 and 66:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 67 and 68:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 69 and 70:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 71 and 72:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 73 and 74:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 75 and 76:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 77 and 78:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 79 and 80:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 81 and 82:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 83 and 84:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 85 and 86:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 87 and 88:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 89 and 90:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 91 and 92:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 93 and 94:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 95 and 96:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 97 and 98:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 99 and 100:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 101 and 102:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 103 and 104:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 105 and 106:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 107 and 108:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 109 and 110:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 111 and 112:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 113 and 114:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 115 and 116: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 117 and 118: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 119 and 120: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 121 and 122: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 123 and 124: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 125 and 126: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 127 and 128: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 129 and 130: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 131 and 132: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 133 and 134: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 135 and 136: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 137 and 138: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 139 and 140: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 141 and 142: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 143 and 144: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 145 and 146: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 147 and 148: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 149 and 150: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 151 and 152: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 153 and 154: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 155 and 156: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 157 and 158: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 159 and 160: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 161 and 162: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 163 and 164: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 165: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 169 and 170: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 171 and 172: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 173 and 174: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 175 and 176: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 177 and 178: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 179 and 180: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 181 and 182: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 183 and 184: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 185 and 186: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 187 and 188: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 189 and 190: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 191 and 192: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 193 and 194: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 195 and 196: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 197 and 198: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 199 and 200: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 201 and 202: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 203 and 204: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 205 and 206: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 207 and 208: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 209 and 210: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 211 and 212: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 213 and 214: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 215 and 216: Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 217 and 218:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 219 and 220:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 221 and 222:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 223 and 224:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 225 and 226:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 227 and 228:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 229 and 230:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 231 and 232:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 233 and 234:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 235 and 236:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 237 and 238:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 239 and 240:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 241 and 242:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 243 and 244:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 245 and 246:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)
- Page 247:
Chem. Listy, 102, s265-s1311 (2008)