The Roman and Byzantine Graves and Human Remains

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©2012 The American School of Classical Studies at Athens Personal use only. Do not distribute. 12 themes, ProCedures, and materials Area and Grave No. table 1.3. FaCtors in the Preservation oF the graves and human remains Burial Design Environmental Factors No. Covering Lining Depositional Matrix Drainage Zone Presence of Snails Floritur- bation Sedimentary Compression 1 neg 69-103 2 Complete none soil y y n n y neg 69-004 5 Complete Partial? soil y n n y n neg 69-008 1? Partial? Partial? soil y y n n n neg 67-001 11 none Complete soil y n y n y neg 67-003 5 none Partial soil y n n n n neg 69-005 3 none Partial soil y y n n n neg 69-001 4 Complete Complete soil y n n n y neg 69-007 2 Complete none marl y y y n n neg 69-009 1 Complete none marl y n n n y neg 69-010 1 Complete none marl y n n n y t2 68-006 1 Complete Complete soil y n y n n t2 68-002 1 Partial Complete soil y n n y y t2 68-003 2 Complete Complete Conglomerate y n y n n t13 54-001 1 Partial Partial soil n ? ? ? ? t14 67-002 1 Partial Partial soil n n n y y t14 67-004 1 none none soil n n n n n t14 69-701 1 Partial? Partial? soil n n n n n t14 69-991 1 Partial Complete soil n n n n y t14 69-002 1 Partial none soil n n n n y t14 69-003 1 Partial none soil n n y y y lou 69-801 1 none none soil n n y n n deC 69-901 2 Partial Partial soil y y y n n deC 69-902 1? Complete none soil y n y y n ho 70-901 3 none none soil y n n n n ho 70-902 10 Partial Partial marl y n y y y rb 76-002 3 Complete Complete stone-lined drain Graviturbation 2 y n n n y WF 62-001 1 Partial Partial soil n n n y n Pal 56-001 1 Complete Complete Concrete foundation n n n n y tC 60-001 1 none none soil in marl cave n n n n n 1 this includes only those graves in which damage to bones, artifacts, and graves could be confidently attributed to compression. numerous teeth and ribs were also affected by sedimentary compression. 2 this includes only those graves in which bones or artifacts had clearly moved after deposition. gravity affected all graves to a certain degree. 3 this only includes surficial damage that can be confidently identified as having occurred during excavation. 4 this includes only those graves from which bones were recovered after their initial excavation. is a fine, clayey to sandy matrix containing a fraction of calcium carbonate and decomposed organic matter, with a neutral to slightly alkaline ph (7–8). the local terrain is dominated by the rachi, a prominent ridge lying just south of the temple of Poseidon, and by the great ravine, which borders the site on the north and defines the course of the hexamilion. three roughly parallel tributaries cut across the site from the high ground in the south toward the great ravine (Fig. 1.2). the drainage of the sanctuary was facilitated not only by
©2012 The American School of Classical Studies at Athens Personal use only. Do not distribute. Disturbance During Construction the Creation oF the material reCord 13 Anthropogenic Factors Reuse for Primary or Bones Excavation Survival Additional Secondary Removed after Damage to Rate of Bones Burial Burial Reopening Bones (%) 3 Intended Par- Unintended tial Recovery Partial Recov- of Bones ery of Bones4 y y Primary n n n n 65.02 40.63 y y Primary y n n n 45.49 29.94 y y Primary ? n n y 0.40 0.21 n y Primary n n n n 44.28 30.72 n y Primary y n n n 25.41 13.80 n y Primary n y n n 47.42 37.45 n y Primary n y n n 60.41 43.72 n y Primary n n n n 38.63 34.90 n n Primary n n n n 0.00 0.00 n n Primary n n n n 0.00 0.00 n n Primary n y n n 63.95 59.87 y y Primary n y n n 41.85 32.94 n n Primary n y n n 68.67 60.19 y n Primary ? ? y n 0.00 0.00 y n Primary n n n n 88.84 85.62 y n Primary y n n n 90.13 89.70 ? n Primary ? n y y 12.02 10.52 y? n Primary n n n n 32.19 20.17 y n Primary y n n n 69.10 67.06 y? n Primary n n n n 78.97 74.03 n n secondary? n n n y 45.90 38.95 n y? Primary n n n n 10.94 8.21 n y Primary n n n n 0.00 0.00 ? y? secondary y n n n 24.89 19.81 n y Primary n y n y 46.48 22.09 Preservation Rate of Bones (%) n y Primary n y n n 24.18 14.45 n n Primary n n n n 34.33 26.61 n n Primary n y n n 0.00 0.00 n n secondary y y y n 7.73 7.73 deep gullies but also by artificial drains, several of which passed through the fortifications near the northeast gate and tower 2. 32 once these channels were no longer maintained, run-off collected at the base of the ramparts and in the steep taphros (defensive ditch), eventually burying them under accumulating sediment. microvariations in the local landscape generated small differences in the preservation of human remains. a few cists were cut into the marl and conglomerate, but most were cut into the soil above the conglomerate (table 1.3). in general, this slightly alkaline, 32. Clement 1969, p. 142 (north drain); Isthmia v, pp. 47, 48, 81, 116, figs. 8, 16, pls. 11:a–d, 14:a, 22:c, 42:b (drainage near the northeast gate and tower 2).
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The Roman and Byzantine Graves and Human Remains

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