Hormones Control of Lactogenesis and Galactopoiesis

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Oxytocin • Oxytocin is a 9 amino acid long peptide. The amino acid structure of oxytocin is: • Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly • It has a molecular mass of 1007 daltons. Oxytocin has a disulfide bond between the two cysteines. Reduction of the disulfide bond inactivates oxytocin. One IU (international Unit) is approximately 2 micrograms of pure peptide.
Oxytocin Synthesis • Oxytocin is synthized in the hypothalamus in specific nuclei, the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus. [A cluster of nerve cells in the brain is often called a nucleus. This is different from the nucleus of a single cell.] Neurons in these hypothalamic nuclei synthesize the oxytocin precursor and package it into vesicles. Oxytocin is initially synthesized as a large molecular weight precursor which also consists of the oxytocin-carrier peptide neurophysin. The precursor is proteolytically cleaved in the neuron in the oxytocin- containing vesicle to yield oxytocin bound to neurophysin. The oxytocinneurophysin complex is the intracellular storage form of oxytocin. • The oxytocin-containing vesicles are transported from the cell body (which is in the hypothalamus), down the axons to the neuron endings in the posterior pituitary. This is called the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract. The oxytocin-neurophysin complex is stored in neurosecretory granules called herring bodies in the axon ending.
Page 1 and 2: Hormones Control of Lactogenesis an
Page 3 and 4: Blocking Prolactin Secretion
Page 5 and 6: Effect of Prolactin Secretion on Mi
Page 7 and 8: Progesterone on Lactogenesis Alpha
Page 9 and 10: Hormone Priming on Lactogenesis Alp
Page 11 and 12: Model of Lactogenesis Pregnancy Lac
Page 13 and 14: Effects of Estrogen and Progesteron
Page 15 and 16: Hormones and the Maintenence of Lac
Page 17 and 18: Growth Hormone Levels in Cattle Sel
Page 19: Insulin, Growth Hormone and Cortiso
Page 23 and 24: Serum Oxytocin (µU/ml) 35 30 25 20
Page 25 and 26: Myoepithelial Cell Alveolus Stained
Page 27 and 28: Milk Letdown Alveolar Contraction
Page 29 and 30: Factors Modifying Milk Letdown •
Page 31 and 32: Posterior Pituitary Medulla Adrenal
Page 33 and 34: Teat Cup Structure Teat Chamber Pul
Page 35: Milk Flow (kg/min) Udder Stimulatio
Page 38 and 39: Phase Separation and Residual Milk
Page 40 and 41: Udder Pressure and Milk Secretion
Page 42: Effect of Exogenous Oxytocin on Mil

Hormones Control of Lactogenesis and Galactopoiesis

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