SPHENOPHRYNE - American Museum of Natural History

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74 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 253 conclude that two species should be recognized. The type locality of Liophryne rhododactyla, Mt. Victoria, is much closer to Myola Guest House (38 km) than to the region southeast of Wau (about 190 km) where recordings of rhododactyla were made. Presumably at least three disjunct populations are involved (fig. 34)—two of rhododactyla and one of similis. On the basis of proximity, one might expect the frogs at Mt. Victoria and Myola to represent the same species, with the disjunct northern population near Wau requiring a new name. Countering this interpretation is the morphological evidence of the vocal sac apparatus, intimately associated with the difference in calls. Verification of the call of rhododactyla at the type locality is much desired. A striking, parallel geographic situation exists in the microhylid genus Aphantophryne (Zweifel and Parker, 1989). This genus has the same basic distribution as L. rhododactyla and L. similis—high elevations near Wau and in the Owen Stanley Mountains. Aphantophryne pansa occurs with L. rhododactyla near Wau and both inhabit high elevations in the central Owen Stanley Range. At Myola Guest House, Aphantophryne sabini, a sibling of A. pansa distinguished mainly by its call, occurs with L. similis. Genus Oxydactyla van Kampen Oxydactyla van Kampen, 1913: 464. Type species (by monotypy) Oxydactyla brevicrus van Kampen, 1913: 465. Sphenophryne: Parker, 1934: 152 (Oxydactyla referred to synonymy of Sphenophryne). CONTENT: Five species: Oxydactyla alpestris, new species; Oxydactyla brevicrus van Kampen; Oxydactyla coggeri, new species; Oxydactyla crassa (Zweifel); Oxydactyla stenodactyla, new species. DIAGNOSIS: A genus of genyophrynine microhylid frogs (sensu Zweifel, 1971, and Burton, 1986) with the following combination of morphological characters: clavicles long and slender, reaching from scapula almost to midline of pectoral girdle; legs short, maximum TL/SVL 0.395; tips of fingers narrow and rounded, or, if slightly flattened, not disclike and with terminal grooves lacking or only weakly indicated on fingers 2–4. MORPHOLOGY: These are small, short-legged frogs, with a maximum known SVL of 32 mm and mature males as small as 19 mm SVL in one species. Mean TL/SVL ratios range from 0.294 to 0.366, a range that excludes almost all other species with the primitive pectoral girdle. The situation with respect to small foot size is similar: mean FT/ SVL 0.338–0.399, with just one other species having a mean in this range. The hands are small, with the range of means HD/SVL (0.199–0.213) falling within the lower 30% of the total range for all genyophrynine species with the primitive pectoral girdle. The fingertips show little or no trace of the expanded, flattened discs with prominent terminal grooves seen in other species with the primitive pectoral girdle. The species pair alpestris stenodactyla has the most derived condition, with no trace of fleshy expansion or grooving (fig. 49) and with the underlying terminal phalanges having slightly constricted tips much narrower than the base of the bone (fig. 71A, B). In other species of Oxydactyla the tips may be slightly flattened but with no more than a faint terminal groove on fingers 2–4, and the terminal phalanges (where known) are bluntly T-shaped with the tip not or scarcely wider than the base (fig. 71C, D). The toe tips of alpestris and stenodactyla resemble those of the fingers externally, although the terminal phalanges have slightly more of a T shape. Toe tips in the other Oxydactyla are less extremely modified from the common slightly expanded disc with T-shaped phalanges. The tympanic annulus is not well defined externally, but the ear is not notably reduced in size. Mean eye size is small to moderate (EY/SVL 0.093– 0.117). These frogs have the morphology commonly associated with cryptic, terrestrial habits, which fits well with what is known of their ecology. See table 10 for body proportions of the species and table 11 for regression statistics. DISTRIBUTION: The genus is montane and confined to high elevations, with records ranging from 1800 to 4000 m. One species is in the central ranges of Irian Jaya, three in the highlands of Papua New Guinea, and one
2000 ZWEIFEL: PARTITION OF SPHENOPHRYNE 75 far to the southeast on the eastern tail of Papua New Guinea. KEY TO OXYDACTYLA 1. Tips of fingers and toes narrow, rounded, not flattened (fig. 53A, B) ............... 2 Fingertips as above, or slightly flattened, terminal grooves absent or weak; tips of toes flattened or disclike ................. 3 2. EY/SVL 0.105 and TL/SVL usually 0.31 (fig.46) ................. stenodactyla EY/SVL 0.105 and TL/SVL 0.31 ..... ........................... alpestris 3. Toe tips flattened but not distinctly disclike, lacking terminal grooves ...... brevicrus Toe tips disclike with terminal grooves . . . 4 4. IN/SVL 0.100 and EY/SVL 0.110 (fig. 40) ......................... coggeri IN/SVL 0.100 and EY/SVL 0.110 ..... ............................. crassa Oxydactyla alpestris, new species Figure 39 Sphenophryne brevicrus: Zweifel, 1956: 10 (part, specimens from Mt. Hagen). Tyler, 1963: 18 (part?). HOLOTYPE: AMNH A76584 (field no. Fred Parker 293), collected on April 17, 1965, by Fred Parker at Gomgale Pass, elevation about 2400 m, approximately 17 km south and 15 km west of Kundiawa, Simbu Province, Papua New Guinea. PARATYPES: All from Papua New Guinea. Eastern Highlands Prov.: AMNH A76585, MCZ A59653–59663, collected by Fred Parker, Oct. 3, 1965, at Daulo Pass, 2480 m, 5 km N, 18 km W Goroka; AMNH A66240, A66335, collected on the Sixth Archbold Expedition, Aug. 7–9, 1959, at Kotuni, S slope Mt. Otto, 2100–2440 m; MCZ A59616, collected by Fred Parker, Feb. 21, 1966, at Kotuni, 1800 m. Simbu Prov.: MCZ A59667– 59673, collected by Fred Parker, Apr. 17, 1965, at Gomgale Pass, 2400 m, 17 km S, 15 km W Kundiawa; AMNH A76582, A76583, and MCZ A59626–59647, collected by Fred Parker, Mar. 29, 1965, at Sikuri Pass, 4 km S, 13 km E Kundiawa; MCZ A68349, collected by Fred Parker, June 4, 1967, at Tuna Pass, 2600 m; MCZ A59617–59625, 64294, 64295, collected by Fred Parker, Nov. 30, 1965, and Aug. 21, 1967, at Dumun, 2300–2400 m, 6 km S, 8 km E Kundiawa; MCZ A59649–59652, collected by Fred Parker, Jan. 1, 1965, at Masul, 8 km S, 10 km E Kundiawa; MCZ A59648, collected by Fred Parker, Sept. 26, 1965, at Mintima, 4 km N, 6 km W Kundiawa; MCZ A59674– 59681, collected by Fred Parker, Nov. 15, 1965, at Derim, Kwi Valley; MCZ A59682– 59695, collected by Fred Parker, Nov. 26, 1965, at Agakamatasa; MCZ A59664– 59666, collected by Fred Parker, July 28, 1965, on the southern slope of Mt. Kerigomna, 2590–2890 m; MCZ A80001, 80002, collected by Fred Parker, Nov. 13, l965, on the southwest slope of Mt. Kerigomna, 2590 m. Western Highlands Prov.: AMNH A65304–65308, collected on the Spalding– Peterson Expedition, Aug. 10, 1959, on the Wahgi Dividing Range near Nondugl, 2440 m; AMNH A65281–65301, 65303, collected on the Spalding–Peterson Expedition, Aug. 6, 1959, on Mt. Pollam, Wahgi Dividing Range near Nondugl, 2490 and 2740 m; AMNH A56272, A58171–58174, collected by E. T. Gilliard in 1950 or 1952 on Mt. Hagen, 2440 m; BPBM 3008, 3014, 3305, collected by J. Sedlacek, May 24, 1963, and MCZ A64088–64097, collected by Fred Parker, Mar. 24, 1967, at Tomba, 2450 m, 3 km N, 23 km W Mt. Hagen town. ETYMOLOGY: The specific name, a Latin adjective meaning ‘‘living in high mountains,’’ is appropriate for this species. DIAGNOSIS: Differs from other Oxydactyla except O. stenodactyla in that the toe tips as well as fingertips are rounded, not expanded or flattened, and lack terminal grooves. The eyes of alpestris are relatively larger and the legs relatively longer than those of stenodactyla (see Comparisons). DESCRIPTION OF HOLOTYPE: Adult female (ova up to 2 mm in diameter) with the following measurements and proportions: SVL 22.7, HW 8.6, TL 8.2, EY 2.6, EN 1.4, IN 2.2, TY, 1.1, HD 4.8, FT 8.8; TL/SVL 0.361, HW/SVL 0.379, EY/SVL 0.114, EN/SVL 0.062, EN/IN 0.636, IN/SVL 0.097, HD/ SVL 0.211, FT/SVL 0.388. A stout, short-legged frog, body wider than head; snout rounded in dorsal aspect, slightly more flattened in profile and scarcely projecting beyond the mouth; nostrils easily visible from above, closer to end of snout than to eye, appearing nearly terminal in pro-
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