SPHENOPHRYNE - American Museum of Natural History
SPHENOPHRYNE - American Museum of Natural History SPHENOPHRYNE - American Museum of Natural History
114 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 253 Fig. 72. Outline drawings of sacral regions of Oxydactyla, Austrochaperina, and Liophryne in dorsal view; scale lines marked in millimeters. A. O. stenodactyla, AMNH A92799. B. O. alpestris, AMNH A65299. C. O. coggeri, AMNH A140874. D. A. brevipes, AMNH A130527. E. L. allisoni, BPBM 9631. F. L. rhododactyla, BPBM 9793. G. L. dentata, UPNG 2641. H. L. schlaginhaufeni, AMNH A78183. I. A. gracilipes, AMNH A90407. Data on advertisement calls unfortunately are sparse. I have recordings of just 14 New Guinean species in addition to the four Australian endemics: Austrochaperina adelphe (Australian), A. brevipes, A. derongo, A. fryi (Australian), A. gracilipes, A. guttata, A. macrorhyncha, A. pluvialis (Australian), A. rivularis, A. robusta (Australian), Liophryne allisoni, L. dentata, L. similis, L. rhododactyla, L. schlaginhaufeni, Oxydactyla coggeri, O. crassa, and Sphenophryne cornuta. In addition, there are casual verbal descriptions of two others: A. palmipes, and O. stenodactyla. This leaves the calls of 16 named New Gui- VOCALIZATIONS nean species unknown. Descriptions and statistics of the calls are given in the species accounts and associated tables (but see below). My purpose here is to examine the possible use of the calls in assessing relationships. The first requirement is to characterize and classify the advertisement calls produced by the species studied. An apparent territorial call is described in the account of S. cornuta but is not considered here. First, I provide some definitions. A note is a discrete, continuous utterance, separated from following or preceding utterances by a quiet period. Pulsing is repeated amplitude
2000 ZWEIFEL: PARTITION OF SPHENOPHRYNE 115 Fig. 73. Outline drawings of sacral regions of Austrochaperina and Sphenophryne in dorsal view; scale bars marked in millimeters. A. A. rivularis, AMNH A88445. B. A. basipalmata, AMNH A129495. C. A. palmipes, AMNH A92805. D. A. derongo, AMNH A92794. E. A. blumi, UPNG 9959. F. S. cornuta, AMNH A92803. modulation within a note. A call is a unit of vocalization that may consist of a single note (when the period between notes is long with respect to the note duration and often is irregular) or may comprise notes rapidly repeated. Multinote calls may occur as short bursts of sound or may continue for long periods, sometimes seemingly indefinitely. Subjectivity in classifying notes and pulses Fig. 74. Right lateral view of jaw musculature of Oxydactyla stenodactyla. Scale bar marked in millimeters. occurs when the amplitude variation of pulses (as seen in an expanded waveform) approaches or attains 100% but with little quiet space intervening. For descriptive purposes, it generally is best to let the ear dictate the classification in such cases. A conspicuous dichotomy in the calls lies between those in which the notes are pure, unpulsed tones, and those whose notes are pulsed, giving a harsher sound sometimes characterized as a chirp. Calls with notes (or pulses) too rapidly repeated to be resolved by the human ear are heard as a buzz; none of the species discussed here has this type of call. The other major variable involves the organization of notes into calls. I identify three levels of increasing complexity: (1) calls consisting of a single note, which is repeated at intervals wide with respect to the duration of the note and is generally irregular; (2) calls including a train of similar notes repeated relatively rapidly and extending over long periods; (3) calls in which rather standardized groups of notes are uttered as units separated by silent periods of variable
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114 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 253<br />
Fig. 72. Outline drawings <strong>of</strong> sacral regions <strong>of</strong> Oxydactyla, Austrochaperina, and Liophryne in dorsal<br />
view; scale lines marked in millimeters. A. O. stenodactyla, AMNH A92799. B. O. alpestris, AMNH<br />
A65299. C. O. coggeri, AMNH A140874. D. A. brevipes, AMNH A130527. E. L. allisoni, BPBM 9631.<br />
F. L. rhododactyla, BPBM 9793. G. L. dentata, UPNG 2641. H. L. schlaginhaufeni, AMNH A78183.<br />
I. A. gracilipes, AMNH A90407.<br />
Data on advertisement calls unfortunately<br />
are sparse. I have recordings <strong>of</strong> just 14 New<br />
Guinean species in addition to the four Australian<br />
endemics: Austrochaperina adelphe<br />
(Australian), A. brevipes, A. derongo, A. fryi<br />
(Australian), A. gracilipes, A. guttata, A.<br />
macrorhyncha, A. pluvialis (Australian), A.<br />
rivularis, A. robusta (Australian), Liophryne<br />
allisoni, L. dentata, L. similis, L. rhododactyla,<br />
L. schlaginhaufeni, Oxydactyla coggeri,<br />
O. crassa, and Sphenophryne cornuta. In addition,<br />
there are casual verbal descriptions <strong>of</strong><br />
two others: A. palmipes, and O. stenodactyla.<br />
This leaves the calls <strong>of</strong> 16 named New Gui-<br />
VOCALIZATIONS<br />
nean species unknown. Descriptions and statistics<br />
<strong>of</strong> the calls are given in the species<br />
accounts and associated tables (but see below).<br />
My purpose here is to examine the possible<br />
use <strong>of</strong> the calls in assessing relationships.<br />
The first requirement is to characterize<br />
and classify the advertisement calls produced<br />
by the species studied. An apparent territorial<br />
call is described in the account <strong>of</strong> S. cornuta<br />
but is not considered here.<br />
First, I provide some definitions. A note is<br />
a discrete, continuous utterance, separated<br />
from following or preceding utterances by a<br />
quiet period. Pulsing is repeated amplitude
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