THE NAKED APE

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APPENDIX: LITERATURE IT is impossible to list all the many works that have been of assistance in writing The Naked Ape, but some of the more important ones are arranged below on a chapter-by-chapter and topic-by-topic basis. Detailed references for these publications are given in the bibliography that follows this appendix. Chapter One. Origins Classification of primates: Morris, 1965. Napier and Napier, 1967. Evolution of primates: Dart and Craig, 1959. Eimerl and DeVore, 1965. Hooton, 1947. Le Gros Clark, 1959. Morris and Morris, 1966. Napier and Napier, 1967. Oakley, 1961. Read, 1925. Washburn, 1962 and 1964. Tax, 1g6o. Carnivore behaviour: Guggisberg, ig61. Kleiman, 1966. Kruuk, 1966. Leyhausen, 1956. Lorenz, 1954. Moulton, Ashton and Eayrs, 1g6o. Neuhaus, 1953. Young and Goldman, 1944. Primate behaviour: Morris, 1967. Morris and Morris, 1966. Schaller, 1963. Southwick, 1963. Yerkes and Yerkes, 1929. Zuckerman, 1932. Chapter Two. Sex Animal courtship: Morris, 1956. Sexual responses: Masters and Johnson, 1966. Sexual pattern frequencies: Klngey et al., 1948 and 1953. Self-mimicry: Wickler, 1963 and 1967. Mating postures: Ford and Beach, 1952. Odour preferences: Monicreff, 1965. Chastity devices: Gould and Pyle, 1896. Homosexuality: Morris, 1955. Chapter Three. Rearing Suckling: Gunther, 1955. Llpsitt, 1966. 212
Heart-beat response: Salk, 1966. Growth rates: Harrison, Weiner, Tanner and Barnicott, 1964. Sleep: Kleitman, 1963. Stages of development: Shirley, 1933. Development of vocabulary: Smith, 1926. Chimpdnzee vocal imitations: Hayes, 1952. Crying, smiling and laughing: Ambrose, ig6o. Facial expressions in primates: van Hooff, 1962. Group density in children: Hutt and Vaizey, 1966. Chapter Four. Exploration Neophilia and neophobia: Morris, 1964. Ape picture-making: Morris, 1962. Infant Picture-making: Kellogg 1955. Chimpanzee exploratory behaviour: Morris and Morris, 1966. Isolation during infancy: Harlow, 1958. Stereotyped behaviour: Morris, 1964 and 1966. Chapter Five. Aggression Primate aggression: Morris and Morris, 1966. Autonomic changes: Cannon, 1929. Origin o f signals: Morris, 1956 and 1957. Displacement activities: Tinbergen, tg5i. Facial expressions: van Hooff, 1962. Eye-spot signals: Coss, 1965. Reddening of buttocks: Comfort, 1966. Redirection of aggression: Bastock, Morris and Moynihan, 1953. Over-crowding in animals: Calhoun, 1962. Chaper Six. Feeding Male association patterns: Tiger, 1967. Organs o f taste and smell: Wyburn, Pickford and Hirst, 1964. Cereal diets: Harrison, Weiner, Tanner and Barnicott, 1964. Chapter Seven. Comfort Social grooming: van Hooff, 1962. Sparks, 1963. (I am particularly indebted to ,Tan van Hooff for inventing the term `Grooming talk'.) 213
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THE NAKED APE by Desmond Morris A B
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book is intend
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INTRODUCTION THERE are one hundred
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some respect. If they were healthy,
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CHAPTER ONE ORIGINS THERE is a labe
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we put it, it looks out of place. E
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The primate group, to which our nak
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Faced with a new environment, our a
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complex manoeuvres could be develop
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The brightest stars in the carnivor
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a pack of African hunting dogs it i
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the night, but the contrast is neve
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in the dirt of the den or lair. Aft
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was a process of differential infan
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eating it, each have their own part
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Male and female hunting apes had to
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feature was its naked skin, which l
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home bases, its dens became heavily
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vital missing links in our ancient
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first appears. A great deal will de
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CHAPTER TWO SEX SEXUALLY the naked
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phase, privacy is sought and the su
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summatory act of sperm ejaculation
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the arteries pumping blood into the
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activity. Once the climax has been
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old females will have experienced o
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stay put and mind the babies while
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-the female remains responsive to t
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mucous surfaces permanently exposed
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areas in other animals where there
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Any body relationship, they feel, s
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At some point, back in our ancestry
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sexual contacts. In this particular
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This may also explain why the male
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lengths to render her as sexually r
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ised his sex life. The contemporary
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apology being proportional to the d
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enlarges it, imitating in this way
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ituation where the female is produc
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and avoids being attacked. A subord
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object lacking these signals. Secon
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is that the prolonged period of inf
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on the fundamental sexual structure
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CHAPTER THREE REARING THE burden of
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is not enough for the infant's lips
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mother, either instinctively or by
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apid during the first two years of
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onwards. It may even clasp on to he
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unlike the verbal signals, they eme
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mother's face and to distinguish he
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oth frighteningly odd and at the sa
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friendly, but if we greet them by l
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We develop the vital bond of attach
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andom and unco-ordinated. The cryin
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CHAPTER FOUR EXPLORATION ALL mammal
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But the reverse is actually the cas
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are combined, one with another, to
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equired no reward-it was its own re
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Writing, a formalised offshoot of p
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and clothing, in furniture and cars
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contacts immensely difficult and wi
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epeatedly bite themselves, or pull
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on the other hand, of vital signifi
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in respiratory activity. Breathing
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under the extreme conditions of agg
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formalised into rhythmic twistings
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sdditional energy on it, and it is
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the grooming itself. Monkeys make g
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signal. (With the arm bent and held
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intensities of it are expressed in
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mechanisms. Many moths have a pair
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largely confined now to a form of s
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such a situation can be seen to per
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the policeman into a position of im
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attacker and his enemy, and it is t
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intelligence that must get us out.
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frequent accompaniment of wailing o
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of the `pomp and circumstance' will
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Page 165 and 166: Another interpretation is that we h
Page 167 and 168: If they appeal to our old primate w
Page 169 and 170: disposal, we might be expected to r
Page 171 and 172: giving an impression of great conce
Page 173 and 174: the female can then fondle it and c
Page 175 and 176: is it aesthetically pleasing. Its f
Page 177 and 178: significance of the hair. In its re
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Page 181 and 182: it is a strong dose of security tha
Page 183 and 184: If the environment becomes too cold
Page 185 and 186: CHAPTER EIGHT ANIMALS UP to this po
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Page 189 and 190: substitute space-traveller. No othe
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Page 195 and 196: small objects (chimpanzee, monkey,
Page 197 and 198: The unexpected discovery here is th
Page 199 and 200: on its back. It must be stressed he
Page 201 and 202: This cannot be explained solely on
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Page 205 and 206: symbolically, scientifically or aes
Page 207: tendencies; that if we have to beco
Page 211 and 212: BIBLIOGRAPHY AMBROSE, J. A., `The s
Page 213 and 214: MILES, W. R., 'Chimpanzee behaviour
Page 215: Mimikry der Primaten'. Die Naturwis
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