A History of Research and a Review of Recent Developments

Recommendations

Info

Above-ground explosions 31 Figure 2.5 Impulse v. ground range for 20 ton hemispherical TNT charges (from Reisler et al., ref. 2.2). Figure 2.6 Reflection of shock waves for explosions above ground.
32 The detonation of explosive charges The Mach stem is not always a straight line, but is usually assumed to be so. As it travels outwards it acts in a similar way to the spherical shock front, in that there is an instantaneous rise in overpressure. The Mach stem is initiated when the angle of incidence (a) in Figure 2.6 exceeds 45°. In this figure we have shown the reflected waves as semi-circular in cross section, but this is not strictly correct because experiments show that the cross section more nearly approaches the shape of a semi-ellipse. The reflected shock wave travels faster than the incident shock wave because the reflected overpressure is greater than the pressure existing in the incident wave. This is a very fundamental aspect of the interaction of pressure waves with surfaces which will be important later in the analysis of shock loads on structures. The peak overpressure at the flat surface of the ground, p r, is related to the peak incident overpressure, p 0, by the formula p r /p 0 =2(7p a +4p 0 )/(7p a +p 0 ). (2.2) This relationship was first given in the form shown in Figure 2.7 for a value of p a of 14.7 psi. It applies at zero incidence, i.e. when a=0 in Figure 2.6. The formula does not change much as a is increased from 0 to 30°, but at higher values there is a noticeable change, as shown in Figure 2.8. It is intriguing that for low values of incident pressure (i.e. p 0=5 psi), the reflected pressure increases as the angle of incidence changes from 40° to 55°. This is because blast waves have finite amplitude, and the features of soundwave reflection (i.e. that incident and reflected waves have equal strengths) no longer apply. Figure 2.7 Relationship between peak reflected overpressure and peak incident overpressure when p a =14.7 psi.
Page 2 and 3:
EXPLOSIVE LOADING OF ENGINEERING ST
Page 4 and 5:
Explosive Loading of Engineering St
Page 6 and 7:
Contents Preface vii Acknowledgemen
Page 8 and 9:
Preface A long time ago I walked ov
Page 10:
Acknowledgements The reports from w
Page 13 and 14: xii Notation m mass of projectile m
Page 15 and 16: xiv Notation Q work done during exp
Page 18 and 19: Introduction Explosions can threate
Page 20 and 21: Introduction xix Bertram Hopkinson
Page 22 and 23: Introduction xxi in the seventeenth
Page 24 and 25: Introduction xxiii own versions of
Page 26 and 27: Introduction xxv indoor shelters an
Page 28 and 29: Introduction xxvii explosions/ stru
Page 30 and 31: Introduction xxix particularly dama
Page 32: Introduction xxxi but the feeling i
Page 35 and 36: 2 The nature of explosions propelli
Page 37 and 38: 4 The nature of explosions or rathe
Page 39 and 40: 6 The nature of explosions ogive, a
Page 41 and 42: 8 The nature of explosions mass, an
Page 43 and 44: 10 The nature of explosions Figure
Page 45 and 46: 12 4 lb cylinders, TNT, 3.75 lb sph
Page 47 and 48: 14 The nature of explosions As Figu
Page 49 and 50: 16 The nature of explosions of the
Page 51 and 52: 18 1.4 THE DECAY OF INSTANTANEOUS O
Page 53 and 54: 20 The nature of explosions Figure
Page 55 and 56: 22 The nature of explosions where I
Page 57 and 58: 24 sometimes written in psi as The
Page 59 and 60: 26 The nature of explosions 1.20 Ki
Page 61 and 62: 28 The detonation of explosive char
Page 63: 30 The detonation of explosive char
Page 83 and 84: 50 Figure 2.18 Radius/time curve of
Page 87 and 88: 54 and 50%, rather than by a factor
Page 92 and 93: 3 Propellant, dust, gas and vapour
Page 94 and 95: Dust explosions 61 as the period 19
Page 96 and 97: Gas explosions 63 reported by Palme
Page 98 and 99: Gas explosions 65 workings in very
Page 100 and 101: Vapour cloud explosions 67 the leak
Page 102 and 103: References 69 in Los Angeles Harbou
Page 104 and 105: 4 Structural loading from distant e
Page 106 and 107: Uniformly distributed pressures 73
Page 108 and 109: Table 4.1 Loading/time relationship
Page 110 and 111: Loading/time relationships 77 overp
Page 112 and 113: Loading/time relationships 79 side
Page 114 and 115:
Loads on underground structures 81
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Loads on underwater structures 87 c
Page 122:
References 89 4.12 Allgood, J. (197
Page 125 and 126:
92 Structural loading from local ex
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
98 The general empirical equation f
Page 133 and 134:
100 Structural loading from local e
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
112 Figure 5.16 Relationship betwee
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
120 Pressure measurement and blast
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
142 Penetration and fragmentation r
Page 177 and 178:
144 Penetration and fragmentation p
Page 179 and 180:
146 Penetration and fragmentation w
Page 181 and 182:
148 Penetration and fragmentation T
Page 183 and 184:
152 Penetration and fragmentation F
Page 185 and 186:
152 Penetration and fragmentation n
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
158 Figure 7.16 Penetration simulat
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
162 Penetration and fragmentation b
Page 197 and 198:
164 Table 7.1 Penetration and fragm
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
168 Penetration and fragmentation I
Page 203 and 204:
170 Penetration and fragmentation l
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
174 Penetration and fragmentation p
Page 209 and 210:
176 Penetration and fragmentation o
Page 211 and 212:
178 Penetration and fragmentation o
Page 213 and 214:
180 Penetration and fragmentation 7
Page 215 and 216:
182 Penetration and fragmentation 7
Page 217 and 218:
184 The effects of explosive loadin
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
188 Table 8.1 It is worth noting th
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
200 Table 8.5 The effects of explos
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
216 Response, safety and evolution
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
224 In the log-normal distribution
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
230 Cole, R.H. 46, 48, 53, 55, 99 C
Page 265 and 266:
232 Petry 143 Philip, E.B. 13, 14,
Page 268 and 269:
Subject index Aircraft damage 207 A
show all

A History of Research and a Review of Recent Developments

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?