A History of Research and a Review of Recent Developments

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References 227 research and testing or simulation. There were many papers on the application of hydrocodes and other numerical techniques to the various problem areas of the subject. One of the main tasks of the near future will be to bring the fruits of structural loading research into a form suitable for design codes of practice for civil buildings, bridges and other land, sea and air structures. It is hoped that the research history and inspirations from the past retailed in this book will help towards this work, and at the same time define a background for the evolution of new scientific insights as well as the development of existing knowledge. 9.5 REFERENCES 9.1 Harris, A. (1989) A man of mettle, New Civil Engineer, 18 May. 9.2 Taylor, G. (1987) The general design and use of hardened defences in twentieth century warfare, Royal Engineers’ Journal, 101(2). 9.3 Anon (1939) The Design of Buildings against Air Attack, Part 2, Mathematical Analysis of the Effect of Blast on Structures, HOPP/18, Civil Defence Research Committee paper RC 23. 9.4 Biggs, J.M. (1964) Introduction to Structural Dynamics, McGraw Hill, New York. 9.5 Newmark, N.M. et al. (1961, rev. 1964) Design of Structures to Resist Nuclear Weapons Effects, American Society of Civil Engineers, Manual of Engineering Practice No. 42. Republished in 1985. 9.6 US Dept of the Army (1969 and 1991) Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions, US Dept of the Army Technical Manual TM5–1300. 9.7 Crawford, R.E., Higgins, C.J. and Bultmann, E.H. (1974) The Air Force Manual for Design and Analysis of Hardened Structures, AFWL TR 74–102, AFWL Kirkland AFB, New Mexico, October. 9.8 US Dept of the Army (1986) Fundamentals of Protective Design for Conventional Weapons, US Army TM5–855–1, November. 9.9 Baker, W.E. et al. (1983) Explosion Hazards and Evaluation, Elsevier, New York. 9.10 Baker, W E., and Spivey, K H. (1989) BIGGS—simplified elastic-plastic dynamic response. In P.S.Bulson (ed.), Structures under Shock and Impact, Elsevier, p. 135. 9.11 Abrahamson, G.R. and Lindberg, H.E. (1976) Peak load—Impulse characterisation of critical pulse loads in structural dynamics, Nuclear Engineering and Design, 37, pp. 35–46. 9.12 Bingham, B.L., Walker, R.E. and Blouin, S.E. (1993) Response of pile foundations in saturated soil, Proc. 6th Int. Symp. on Interaction of Non-nuclear Munitions withStructures , Panama City Beach, Florida, USA, May. 9.13 Wright, S.J. and Hobbs, B. (1994) Use of the DYNA-3D FE code to quantify the response of steel plate girders subjected to localised combined blast and fragment loads. In P.S.Bulson (ed.), Structures under Shock and Impact, Computational Mechanics Publications, June. 9.14 Terrier, J.M. and Boisseau, J.F.X. (1989) Numerical simulations of reinforced structure response subjected to high explosive detonation, Proc. 4th Int. Symp. on Interaction of Non-nuclear Munitions with Structures, Panama City Beach, Florida, USA, April.
228 Response, safety and evolution 9.15 Crawford, J.E. and Mendoza, P.J. (1985) Combined finite element and lumped mass techniques for parametric structural analysis of structures, Proc. 2nd Symp. on the Interaction of Non-nuclear Munitions with Structures, Panama City Beach, Florida, USA, April. 9.16 Walker, A.C. (1993) Non-linear analysis of blast walls to evaluate safe ultimate loads, 2nd Int. Conf. on Offshore Structural Design against Extreme Loads, ERA, London. 9.17 Schleyer, G. and Mihsein, M. (1992) Development of mathematical models for dynamic analysis of structures, 1st Int. Conf. on Structural Design against Extreme Loads, ERA, London. 9.18 Louca, L.A., Punjani, M. and Harding, J.E. (1996) Non-linear analysis of blast walls and stiffened panels subjected to hydrocarbon explosions, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 37(2), April. 9.19 Van Wees, R.M. (1993) Design of stiffened panels to withstand explosion loads, 2nd Int. Conf. on Offshore Structural Design against Extreme Loads, ERA, London. 9.20 Houlston, R. and DesRochers, C.G. (1987) Non-nuclear structural response of ship panels subjected to air blast loading, Proc. 6th Conf. on Non-linear Analysis, ADINA. 9.21 Carson, J.M., Morrison, D. and Hampson, R.J. (1984) Conventional High Explosive Blast and Shock (CHEBS) Test Series: Mark 82 General Purpose Bomb Tests, Air Force Weapons Laboratory, AFNL-TR-84–27, June. 9.22 Carson, J.M. and Morrison D. (1987) Conventional High Explosive Blast and Shock (CHEBS) Test Series: Mark 83 General Purpose Bomb Tests, Air Force Weapons Laboratory, AFWL-TR-86–53, Parts 1–3, January. 9.23 Twisdale, L.A., Sues, R.H., Lavelle, F.M. and Miller, D.B. (1991) Research to develop reliability-based design methodology for protective structures, Proc. 5th Int.Symp. on the Interaction of Conventional Munitions with Protective Structures , Mannheim, Germany, April. 9.24 Twisdale, L.A., Sues, R.H. and Lavelle, F.M. (1993) Reliability based design methods for the Protective Construction Design Manual, Proc. 6th Int. Symp. on the Interaction of Non-nuclear Munitions with Structures, Panama City Beach, Florida, May. 9.25 Sues, R.H., Drake, S.L., and Twisdale, L.A. (1993) Reliability based safety factors for grounds shock loads in protective construction, Proc. 6th Int. Symp. on the Interaction of Non-nuclear Munitions with Structures, Panama City Beach, Florida, May. 9.26 Drake, J.L. et al. (1989) Protective Construction Design Manual, ESL-TR-87– 57, Air Force Engineering and Services Centre, Tyndall Air Force Base, November. 9.27 Sues, R.H. and Twisdale, L.A. (1993) How to select a design fragment for protective structure design with consistent reliability, Proc. 6th Int. Symp. on the Interaction of Non-nuclear Munitions with Structures, Panama City Beach, Florida, May. 9.28 Sues, R.H., Hwang, C.W., Twisdale, L.A. and Lavelle, F.M. (1991) Reliability based design of R/C structures for protection against projectiles and fragments, Proc. 5th Int. Symp. on the Interaction of Conventional Munitions with Protective Structures, Mannheim, Germany, April.
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EXPLOSIVE LOADING OF ENGINEERING ST
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Explosive Loading of Engineering St
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Contents Preface vii Acknowledgemen
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Preface A long time ago I walked ov
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Acknowledgements The reports from w
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xii Notation m mass of projectile m
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xiv Notation Q work done during exp
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Introduction Explosions can threate
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Introduction xix Bertram Hopkinson
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Introduction xxi in the seventeenth
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Introduction xxiii own versions of
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Introduction xxv indoor shelters an
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Introduction xxvii explosions/ stru
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Introduction xxix particularly dama
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Introduction xxxi but the feeling i
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2 The nature of explosions propelli
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4 The nature of explosions or rathe
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6 The nature of explosions ogive, a
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8 The nature of explosions mass, an
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10 The nature of explosions Figure
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12 4 lb cylinders, TNT, 3.75 lb sph
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14 The nature of explosions As Figu
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16 The nature of explosions of the
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18 1.4 THE DECAY OF INSTANTANEOUS O
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20 The nature of explosions Figure
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22 The nature of explosions where I
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24 sometimes written in psi as The
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26 The nature of explosions 1.20 Ki
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28 The detonation of explosive char
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50 Figure 2.18 Radius/time curve of
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54 and 50%, rather than by a factor
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3 Propellant, dust, gas and vapour
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Dust explosions 61 as the period 19
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Gas explosions 63 reported by Palme
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Gas explosions 65 workings in very
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Vapour cloud explosions 67 the leak
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References 69 in Los Angeles Harbou
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4 Structural loading from distant e
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Uniformly distributed pressures 73
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Table 4.1 Loading/time relationship
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Loading/time relationships 77 overp
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Loading/time relationships 79 side
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Loads on underground structures 81
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Loads on underwater structures 87 c
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References 89 4.12 Allgood, J. (197
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92 Structural loading from local ex
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98 The general empirical equation f
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100 Structural loading from local e
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112 Figure 5.16 Relationship betwee
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120 Pressure measurement and blast
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142 Penetration and fragmentation r
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144 Penetration and fragmentation p
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146 Penetration and fragmentation w
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148 Penetration and fragmentation T
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152 Penetration and fragmentation F
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152 Penetration and fragmentation n
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158 Figure 7.16 Penetration simulat
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162 Penetration and fragmentation b
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164 Table 7.1 Penetration and fragm
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168 Penetration and fragmentation I
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170 Penetration and fragmentation l
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174 Penetration and fragmentation p
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Page 217 and 218: 184 The effects of explosive loadin
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Page 249 and 250: 216 Response, safety and evolution
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Page 263 and 264: 230 Cole, R.H. 46, 48, 53, 55, 99 C
Page 265 and 266: 232 Petry 143 Philip, E.B. 13, 14,
Page 268 and 269: Subject index Aircraft damage 207 A
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