A History of Research and a Review of Recent Developments

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References 213 much time has been devoted over the years to the prediction of elastic response to transversely exponentially decaying shockwaves. Work in this field was summarized by Haxton and Haywood [8.35] in 1986. 8.4 REFERENCES 8.1 Thomas, W.N. (1948) The effects of impulsive forces on materials and structural members, The Civil Engineer in War, UK Institution of Civil Engineers, London, p. 65. 8.2 Baker, J.F., Leader Williams, E. and Lax, P. (1948) The design of framed buildings against high explosive bombs, The Civil Engineer in War, UK Institution of Civil Engineers, London, p. 80. 8.3 Christopherson, D.G. (1946) Structural Defence, UK Ministry of Home Security, Civil Defence Research Committee paper RC 450. 8.4 Eytan, R. (1992) Response of real structures to blast loadings—the Israeli experience. In P.S.Bulson (ed.), Structures under Shock and Impact (2), CM Publications and Thomas Telford. 8.5 Rhodes, P.S. (1974) The structural assessment of buildings subjected to bomb damage, The Structural Engineer, 52. 8.6 Williams, M.S., Lok, T.S. and Mays, G.C. (1989) Structural assessment of damaged buildings. In P.S.Bulson (ed.), Structures under Shock and Impact (1), CM Publications and Elsevier. 8.7 UK Ministry of Home Security (1941) Tests on Brick Surface Shelters at Stewartby, Report RC 217, UK Ministry of Home Security, R and E Dept, April. 8.8 UK Ministry of Home Security (1941) Report on Tests: Methods of Strengthening Brick Surface Shelters, Report RC 272, Ministry of Home Security, R and E Dept, November. 8.9 UK Ministry of Home Security (1942) Report on Tests on Four Factory-type Brick Surface Shelters, Richmond Park, Ministry of Home Security, Group 6, Report RC 355, R and E Dept, October. 8.10 Walley, F. (1942) Movement of Shelters due to Earthshock, UK Ministry of Home Security, R and E Dept, Report RC 287, January. 8.11 US Army (1965) Fundamentals of Protective Design (non-nuclear), US Army TM5–855–1, November. 8.12 Bernai, J.D. (1942) Bulletin A-4, UK Ministry of Home Security, R & E Dept. 8.13 Rempel, J.R. and Beck, J.E. (1985) Stability of walls against airblast forces, Proc. 2nd Symp. on the Interaction of Non-nuclear Munitions with Structures, Panama City Beach, Florida, USA, April. 8.14 Napadensky, H. and Longinow, A. (1985) Explosion damage to urban structures at low overpressure, Proc. 2nd Symp. on the Interaction of Non-nuclear Munitions with Structures, Panama City Beach, Florida, USA, April. 8.15 Ellis, B.R. and Crowhurst, D. (1989) On the elastic response of panels to gas explosions. In P.S.Bulson (ed.), Structures under Shock and Impact (1), CM Publications and Elsevier. 8.16 Ellis, B.R. and Crowhurst, D. (1991) The response of several LPS maisonettes to small gas explosions, Conf. on Structural Design for Hazardous Loads, Brighton, England, April. 8.17 Moore, J.F.A. (1983) The Incidence of Accidental Loadings in Buildings 1971– 1981, UK Building Research Establishment, Current Paper 2/83. 8.18 The Effect of Impact and Explosions (1946) NRDC Summary Technical Report, Washington.
214 The effects of explosive loading 8.19 Hill, L.G.W. et al. (1944) Report on Material Damage Caused by Bombs to Bridges, UK Ministry of Home Security Research and Experiments Dept., Report RC 448. 8.20 Walley, F. (1994) The effect of explosions on structures, Proc. Inst. Civ. Engrs Structs and Bldgs, 104, August, p. 325. 8.21 Hamilton, H.G.W. (1994) Reminiscences of a Corps SORE II in the British Liberation Army, 1944, The Royal Engineers Journal, 108(3), December, 289. 8.22 Pelton, J.F. (1993) Bridge inspections in Bosnia—Operation Grapple, The Royal Engineers Journal, 10(2), August. 8.23 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1979) Evaluation of Load Carrying Capacity of Bridges, Road Research Group Report, December. 8.24 Military Engineering, Vol III, published by UK Royal Engineers. 8.25 Avery, S.G., Porter, T.R. and Lauzze, R.W. (1976) Structural integrity requirements for projectile impact damage—an overview, Proc. Conf. on Impact Damage Tolerance of Structures, AGARD Conf. Proc. No. 186. 8.26 Massmann, S. (1975) Structural Response to Impact Damage, AGARD Report 633. 8.27 Avery, S.G., Porter, T.R. and Walter, R.W. (1972) Designing Aircraft Structures for Resistance and Tolerance to Battle Damage, AIAA 4th Aircraft Design, Flight Test and Operations Meeting, Los Angeles, California, August (AIAA paper 72–773). 8.28 Smith, C.S. (1988) The testing of marine structures, Proc. of Conf.: The Future of Structural Testing, Bristol University, Computational Mechanics and McGraw Hill. 8.29 Hicks, A.N. (1986) Explosion induced hull whipping, Proc. of Conf.: Advances in Marine Structures, ARE Dunfermline, May, Elsevier Applied Science Publications. 8.30 Jinhua, M.A. and Qiyong, Zhang (1984) The estimation of dynamic bending moment for a ship subjected to underwater, non-contact explosions, Proc. Int. Symp. Mine Warfare Vessels and Systems, London, June. 8.31 Keil, A.H. (1961) The Response of Ships to Underwater Explosions, US Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Annual Meeting, November. 8.32 Abbott, H.L. (1881) Report upon Experiments and Investigations to Develop a System of Submarine Mines for Defending the Harbours, Papers of the Corps of Engineers, No. 23. 8.33 King, R.W. (1959) Modern Weapons and Ship Protection, Paper to Chesapeake Section, SNAME, February. 8.34 Hollyer, R.S. (1959) Direct Shock Wave Damage to Merchant Ships from Noncontact Underwater Explosives, Paper to Hampton Roads Section, SNAME, April. 8.35 Haxton, R.S. and Haywood, J.H. (1986) Linear elastic response of a ring-stiffened cylinder to underwater explosion loading, Proc. of Conf.: Advances in Marine Structures, ARE Dunfermline, Scotland, May.
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EXPLOSIVE LOADING OF ENGINEERING ST
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Explosive Loading of Engineering St
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Contents Preface vii Acknowledgemen
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Preface A long time ago I walked ov
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Acknowledgements The reports from w
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xii Notation m mass of projectile m
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xiv Notation Q work done during exp
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Introduction Explosions can threate
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Introduction xix Bertram Hopkinson
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Introduction xxi in the seventeenth
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Introduction xxiii own versions of
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Introduction xxv indoor shelters an
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Introduction xxvii explosions/ stru
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Introduction xxix particularly dama
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Introduction xxxi but the feeling i
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2 The nature of explosions propelli
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4 The nature of explosions or rathe
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6 The nature of explosions ogive, a
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8 The nature of explosions mass, an
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10 The nature of explosions Figure
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12 4 lb cylinders, TNT, 3.75 lb sph
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14 The nature of explosions As Figu
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16 The nature of explosions of the
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18 1.4 THE DECAY OF INSTANTANEOUS O
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20 The nature of explosions Figure
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22 The nature of explosions where I
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24 sometimes written in psi as The
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26 The nature of explosions 1.20 Ki
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28 The detonation of explosive char
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50 Figure 2.18 Radius/time curve of
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54 and 50%, rather than by a factor
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3 Propellant, dust, gas and vapour
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Dust explosions 61 as the period 19
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Gas explosions 63 reported by Palme
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Gas explosions 65 workings in very
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Vapour cloud explosions 67 the leak
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References 69 in Los Angeles Harbou
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4 Structural loading from distant e
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Uniformly distributed pressures 73
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Table 4.1 Loading/time relationship
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Loading/time relationships 77 overp
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Loading/time relationships 79 side
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Loads on underground structures 81
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Loads on underwater structures 87 c
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References 89 4.12 Allgood, J. (197
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92 Structural loading from local ex
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98 The general empirical equation f
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100 Structural loading from local e
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112 Figure 5.16 Relationship betwee
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120 Pressure measurement and blast
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142 Penetration and fragmentation r
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144 Penetration and fragmentation p
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146 Penetration and fragmentation w
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148 Penetration and fragmentation T
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152 Penetration and fragmentation F
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152 Penetration and fragmentation n
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158 Figure 7.16 Penetration simulat
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Page 217 and 218: 184 The effects of explosive loadin
Page 221 and 222: 188 Table 8.1 It is worth noting th
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Page 249 and 250: 216 Response, safety and evolution
Page 257 and 258: 224 In the log-normal distribution
Page 263 and 264: 230 Cole, R.H. 46, 48, 53, 55, 99 C
Page 265 and 266: 232 Petry 143 Philip, E.B. 13, 14,
Page 268 and 269: Subject index Aircraft damage 207 A
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