References 181 7.41 Dancygier, A.N. <strong>and</strong> Yankelevsky, D.Z. (1994) Comparative penetration tests <strong>of</strong> fibre reinforced concrete plates, Structures under Shock <strong>and</strong> Impact III, Comp. Mech. Pub., June, p. 273. 7.42 Taylor, G.I. (1948) The formation <strong>and</strong> enlargement <strong>of</strong> a circular hole in a thin plastic sheet, Quarterly Journal <strong>of</strong> Mechanics <strong>and</strong> Applied Maths, 1, p. 103. 7.43 Taylor, G.I. (no date) The use <strong>of</strong> flat ended projectiles for determining dynamic yield stress, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Vol. 194, Series A, p. 289. 7.44 Thomson, W.T. (1955) An approximate theory <strong>of</strong> armour penetration, Journal <strong>of</strong> Applied Physics, 26(1), January. 7.45 Recht, R.F. <strong>and</strong> Ipson, T.W. (1963) Ballistic perforation dynamics, Journal <strong>of</strong> Applied Mechanics, September. 7.46 Goldsmith, W. et al. (1965) Plate impact <strong>and</strong> perforation by projectiles, Experimental Mechanics, December. 7.47 Backman, M.E. <strong>and</strong> Goldsmith, W. (1978) The mechanism <strong>of</strong> penetration <strong>of</strong> projectiles into targets, Inter. Jour. Eng. Sci., 16, Pergamon Press, London. 7.48 Taylor, G.I. (1944) The Fragmentation <strong>of</strong> Tubular Bombs, Paper written for the Advisory Council on Scientific <strong>Research</strong> <strong>and</strong> Technical Development, UK Ministry <strong>of</strong> Supply. 7.49 Kinney, G. <strong>and</strong> Graham, K.J. (1985) Explosive Shocks in Air, Springer Verlag, New York. 7.50 Ravid, M. <strong>and</strong> Bodner, S.R. (1983) Dynamic perforation <strong>of</strong> viseoelastic plates by rigid projectiles, Int. Eng. Sci., 21, 577. 7.51 Goldsmith, W. <strong>and</strong> Finnegan, S.A. (1986) Normal <strong>and</strong> oblique impact <strong>of</strong> cylinders—conical <strong>and</strong> cylindrical projectiles on metallic plates, Int. J. Impact Engng, 4, p. 83. 7.52 Dehn, J. (1989) Mathematical models in penetration mechanics, Structures Under Shock <strong>and</strong> Impact (1), Elsevier/C M Publications, p. 203. 7.53 Nurick, G.N. <strong>and</strong> Crowther, B.G. (1994) The measurement <strong>of</strong> the residual velocity <strong>and</strong> deflection <strong>of</strong> a projectile passing through a thin plate, Structures Under Shock <strong>and</strong> Impact (3), CM Publications, p. 261. 7.54 Wen, H.M. <strong>and</strong> Jones, N. (1992) Semi-empirical equations for the perforation <strong>of</strong>plates struck by a mass , Structures Under Shock <strong>and</strong> Impact (2), Thomas Telford <strong>and</strong> CM Publications, p. 369. 7.55 Neilson, A.S. (1985) Empirical equations for the perforation <strong>of</strong> mild steel plates, Int. J. Impact Eng., 3, p. 137. 7.56 Jowett, J. (1986) The Effect <strong>of</strong> Missile Impact on Thin Metal Structures, UKAEA SRD R378. 7.57 Wen, H.M. <strong>and</strong> Jones, N. (1992) Experimental Investigation into the Dynamic Plastic Response <strong>and</strong> Perforation <strong>of</strong> a Clamped Circular Plate Struck Transversely by a Mass, Impact Res Centre ES/85/92, Dept <strong>of</strong> Mechanical Engineering, University <strong>of</strong> Liverpool. 7.58 Gwaltney, R.C. (1968) Missile Generation <strong>and</strong> Protection in Light Water-cooled Power Reactor Plants, Report URNL-USTC-22, Oak Ridge National Lab., Tennessee, USA. 7.59 Avery, J.G., Porter, T.R. <strong>and</strong> Lauzze, R.W. (1975) Structural integrity requirements for projectile impact damage—an overview, Specialist meeting on Impact Damage Tolerance <strong>of</strong> Structures, AGARD Conf. Proceedings, No. 186. 7.60 Mott, N.F. (1943) Fragmentation <strong>of</strong> H E Shells: a Theoretical Formula for the Distribution <strong>of</strong> Weights <strong>of</strong> Fragments, UK Armament <strong>Research</strong> Department, AC 3642 SD/FP85, March. 7.61 Mott, N.F. (1943) A Theory <strong>of</strong> Fragmentation <strong>of</strong> Shells <strong>and</strong> Bombs, UK Armament <strong>Research</strong> Department, AC 4035, SD/FP 106, May.
182 Penetration <strong>and</strong> fragmentation 7.62 Mott, N.F. (1943) Fragmentation <strong>of</strong> Shell Casings <strong>and</strong> the Theory <strong>of</strong> Rupture in Metals, UK Armament <strong>Research</strong> Department, AC 4613 SD/FP 139, August. 7.63 Payman, W. (1943) Empirical Relationships for Use in Comparing Results <strong>of</strong> Fragmentation Trials, I—Velocities <strong>of</strong> Fragments, UK Safety in Mines <strong>Research</strong> Station, RC 387, June. 7.64 Payman, M. (1943) Empirical Relationships for Use in Comparing Results <strong>of</strong> Fragmentation Trials, II—Weight Distribution <strong>of</strong> Fragments, UK Safety in Mines <strong>Research</strong> Station, RC 388, July. 7.65 Williams, K.A.J. <strong>and</strong> Ellinas, C.P. (1989) Societal risks from detonations in explosive storage structures, Structures Under Shock <strong>and</strong> Impact, Elsevier <strong>and</strong> CM Publications, p. 253. 7.66 March<strong>and</strong>, K.A. <strong>and</strong> Cox, P.A. (1989) The apparent synergism in combined blast <strong>and</strong> fragment loadings, Structures Under Shock <strong>and</strong> Impact, Elsevier <strong>and</strong> CM Publications, p. 239. 7.67 Niemzig, I. <strong>and</strong> Steffen, R. (1992) Engagement <strong>of</strong> hard targets from the air, Military Technology, November, p. 48. 7.68 Taylor, G.I. (1941) The Analysis <strong>of</strong> a Long Cylindrical Bomb Detonated at One End, Paper written for the Civil Defence <strong>Research</strong> Committee, UK Ministry <strong>of</strong> Home Security. 7.69 Schardin, H. (1956) Uber das Wesen der Hohlladung, VDI Journal, 98, 1837. 7.70 Gurney, R.W. (1943) The Initial Velocity <strong>of</strong> Fragments from Bombs, Shells <strong>and</strong> Grenades, US Ballistic <strong>Research</strong> Laboratory, BRL—Report 405. 7.71 Chou, P.C. et al. (1981) Improved formula for velocity, acceleration <strong>and</strong> projection angle <strong>of</strong> explosively driven liners, Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Ballistics, Orl<strong>and</strong>o. 7.72 Vered, G.R. (1987) Evolution <strong>of</strong> ‘Blazer’ reactive armour <strong>and</strong> its adaptation to AFVs, Military Technology, December, p. 53.
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EXPLOSIVE LOADING OF ENGINEERING ST
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Explosive Loading of Engineering St
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Contents Preface vii Acknowledgemen
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Preface A long time ago I walked ov
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Acknowledgements The reports from w
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xii Notation m mass of projectile m
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xiv Notation Q work done during exp
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Introduction Explosions can threate
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Introduction xix Bertram Hopkinson
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Introduction xxi in the seventeenth
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Introduction xxiii own versions of
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Introduction xxv indoor shelters an
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Introduction xxvii explosions/ stru
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Introduction xxix particularly dama
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Introduction xxxi but the feeling i
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2 The nature of explosions propelli
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4 The nature of explosions or rathe
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6 The nature of explosions ogive, a
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8 The nature of explosions mass, an
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10 The nature of explosions Figure
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12 4 lb cylinders, TNT, 3.75 lb sph
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14 The nature of explosions As Figu
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16 The nature of explosions of the
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18 1.4 THE DECAY OF INSTANTANEOUS O
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20 The nature of explosions Figure
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22 The nature of explosions where I
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24 sometimes written in psi as The
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26 The nature of explosions 1.20 Ki
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28 The detonation of explosive char
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30 The detonation of explosive char
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32 The detonation of explosive char
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34 The detonation of explosive char
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36 The detonation of explosive char
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38 The detonation of explosive char
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40 The detonation of explosive char
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42 The detonation of explosive char
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44 The detonation of explosive char
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46 The detonation of explosive char
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48 The detonation of explosive char
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50 Figure 2.18 Radius/time curve of
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52 The detonation of explosive char
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54 and 50%, rather than by a factor
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56 The detonation of explosive char
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3 Propellant, dust, gas and vapour
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Dust explosions 61 as the period 19
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Gas explosions 63 reported by Palme
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Gas explosions 65 workings in very
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Vapour cloud explosions 67 the leak
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References 69 in Los Angeles Harbou
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4 Structural loading from distant e
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Uniformly distributed pressures 73
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Table 4.1 Loading/time relationship
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Loading/time relationships 77 overp
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Loading/time relationships 79 side
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Loads on underground structures 81
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Loads on underground structures 83
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Loads on underground structures 85
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Loads on underwater structures 87 c
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References 89 4.12 Allgood, J. (197
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92 Structural loading from local ex
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94 Structural loading from local ex
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96 Structural loading from local ex
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98 The general empirical equation f
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100 Structural loading from local e
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102 Structural loading from local e
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104 Structural loading from local e
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106 Structural loading from local e
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108 Structural loading from local e
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110 Structural loading from local e
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112 Figure 5.16 Relationship betwee
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114 Structural loading from local e
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116 Structural loading from local e
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118 Structural loading from local e
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120 Pressure measurement and blast
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122 Pressure measurement and blast
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124 Pressure measurement and blast
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126 Pressure measurement and blast
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128 Pressure measurement and blast
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232 Petry 143 Philip, E.B. 13, 14,
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Subject index Aircraft damage 207 A