A History of Research and a Review of Recent Developments

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Penetration into soil, stone and rock 151 Figure 7.6 Penetration track length in clay of steel balls and flat-ended cylinders (UK Road Research Lab., 1944; Christopherson, ref. 7.12). shown in Figure 7.7. The relationship was given in terms of vertical penetration, p, divided by the cube root of bomb weight (), and the number of bombs per thousand recovered that were found at greater depths than that indicated. The mean penetration (exceeded by half the bombs (500 out of 1000)) was given by , and the average striking velocity was 850 ft/sec. There was a 99% certainty that, in spite of scatter, penetration of German bombs never exceeded . In dry sand no permanent crater was visible at the entrance hole, and the projectiles usually turned side-on before coming to rest. The mean track length at 850 ft/sec initial velocity was 2.33 , and the mean vertical penetration was 1.95 , giving a p/L ratio of 0.8. In chalks and sandstones it was found that track length and penetration are about equal. The best fit to experimental results was to take n in Eq. (7.9) as , and curves on this basis are given in Figures 7.8 and 7.9. It was generally felt that by 1946 a much clearer idea of bombs and shell penetration existed, but much research remained to be done. It is doubtful whether much has been accomplished of equal scientific importance since those days, although much analytical work has been attempted. If we may include pack-ice as a geological target, then it is relevant to refer to test work in the late 1960s and early 1970s by the Sandia Laboratories. Four penetrators with conical noses were air dropped on to pack-ice in the
152 Penetration and fragmentation north-west territory of Canada, and impacted at a speed of 159 m/s. Their dimensions were: outer diameter 70 mm, overall length 1.07 m and nose length 140 mm; the weight of each missile was 23 kg. The tests, including the measurement of deceleration/time records, have been reported by Young and Keck [7.14], and compared with analytical models by Forrestal, Longcope and Lee [7.15]. The latter had earlier used elastic-plastic analysis to develop Figure 7.7 Distribution of penetration of German bombs (from Christopherson, ref. 7.12).
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EXPLOSIVE LOADING OF ENGINEERING ST
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Explosive Loading of Engineering St
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Contents Preface vii Acknowledgemen
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Preface A long time ago I walked ov
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Acknowledgements The reports from w
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xii Notation m mass of projectile m
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xiv Notation Q work done during exp
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Introduction Explosions can threate
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Introduction xix Bertram Hopkinson
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Introduction xxi in the seventeenth
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Introduction xxiii own versions of
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Introduction xxv indoor shelters an
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Introduction xxvii explosions/ stru
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Introduction xxix particularly dama
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Introduction xxxi but the feeling i
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2 The nature of explosions propelli
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4 The nature of explosions or rathe
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6 The nature of explosions ogive, a
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8 The nature of explosions mass, an
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10 The nature of explosions Figure
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12 4 lb cylinders, TNT, 3.75 lb sph
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14 The nature of explosions As Figu
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16 The nature of explosions of the
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18 1.4 THE DECAY OF INSTANTANEOUS O
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20 The nature of explosions Figure
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22 The nature of explosions where I
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24 sometimes written in psi as The
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26 The nature of explosions 1.20 Ki
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28 The detonation of explosive char
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50 Figure 2.18 Radius/time curve of
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54 and 50%, rather than by a factor
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3 Propellant, dust, gas and vapour
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Dust explosions 61 as the period 19
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Gas explosions 63 reported by Palme
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Gas explosions 65 workings in very
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Vapour cloud explosions 67 the leak
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References 69 in Los Angeles Harbou
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4 Structural loading from distant e
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Uniformly distributed pressures 73
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Table 4.1 Loading/time relationship
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Loading/time relationships 77 overp
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Loading/time relationships 79 side
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Loads on underground structures 81
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Loads on underwater structures 87 c
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References 89 4.12 Allgood, J. (197
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92 Structural loading from local ex
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98 The general empirical equation f
Page 133 and 134: 100 Structural loading from local e
Page 145 and 146: 112 Figure 5.16 Relationship betwee
Page 153 and 154: 120 Pressure measurement and blast
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Page 177 and 178: 144 Penetration and fragmentation p
Page 179 and 180: 146 Penetration and fragmentation w
Page 181 and 182: 148 Penetration and fragmentation T
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Page 187 and 188: 154 Penetration and fragmentation F
Page 191 and 192: 158 Figure 7.16 Penetration simulat
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Page 197 and 198: 164 Table 7.1 Penetration and fragm
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Page 203 and 204: 170 Penetration and fragmentation l
Page 207 and 208: 174 Penetration and fragmentation p
Page 209 and 210: 176 Penetration and fragmentation o
Page 211 and 212: 178 Penetration and fragmentation o
Page 213 and 214: 180 Penetration and fragmentation 7
Page 215 and 216: 182 Penetration and fragmentation 7
Page 217 and 218: 184 The effects of explosive loadin
Page 221 and 222: 188 Table 8.1 It is worth noting th
Page 233 and 234: 200 Table 8.5 The effects of explos
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202 The effects of explosive loadin
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216 Response, safety and evolution
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224 In the log-normal distribution
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230 Cole, R.H. 46, 48, 53, 55, 99 C
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232 Petry 143 Philip, E.B. 13, 14,
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Subject index Aircraft damage 207 A
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A History of Research and a Review of Recent Developments

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