A History of Research and a Review of Recent Developments

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Penetration into soil, stone and rock 149 Figure 7.3 Penetration of US GP bombs in sand (from Stipe, ref. 7.11). double that into well-compacted sand. More recently, doubt has been cast on the assumption of a J-path, and on the relevance of analysis based on this concept. It was realized that the stability of projectiles in soil needed further investigation, and since stable underwater rockets had been developed during the Second World War, it was suggested that these might also be stable in earth. Whether this line was ever followed is not clear now. In the UK, Christopherson’s report [7.12] was as always a very precise and valuable analysis of the fundamentals. He classified the soils into three types, Figure 7.4 Penetration of US GP bombs in loam (from Stipe, ref. 7.11).
152 Penetration and fragmentation Figure 7.5 Penetration of US GP bombs in clay (from Stipe, ref. 7.11). plastic materials like clay, granular materials like sand or gravel, and the softer rocks such as chalk and sandstone. He assumed that for soil penetration the variables were separable, so that the relationship between total track length, L, the diameter of the projectile, d, and striking velocity, V, could be written in the form (7.9) If the velocities given to the material are largely independent of diameter, and if , then (7.10) Using this as a governing relationship, the results of UK firing trials into undisturbed natural clay at Dorking and Richmond Park using armoured piercing shot, steel balls of in diameter, and flat-ended cylinders having diameters of 0.50 and 0.78 in, are shown in Figure 7.6. Either maximum or mean penetration times are given, but the results in general confirmed the large scatter associated with soil experiments. Christopherson suggested that missile instability caused the wide scatter, since it was known that almost all the missiles turned over at least once—sometimes more often. He also observed that penetration increased as the average grain size decreased. The British Bomb Disposal Units recorded during the Second World War the depths from which bombs were recovered, and these were plotted in the form
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EXPLOSIVE LOADING OF ENGINEERING ST
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Explosive Loading of Engineering St
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Contents Preface vii Acknowledgemen
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Preface A long time ago I walked ov
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Acknowledgements The reports from w
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xii Notation m mass of projectile m
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xiv Notation Q work done during exp
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Introduction Explosions can threate
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Introduction xix Bertram Hopkinson
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Introduction xxi in the seventeenth
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Introduction xxiii own versions of
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Introduction xxv indoor shelters an
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Introduction xxvii explosions/ stru
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Introduction xxix particularly dama
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Introduction xxxi but the feeling i
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2 The nature of explosions propelli
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4 The nature of explosions or rathe
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6 The nature of explosions ogive, a
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8 The nature of explosions mass, an
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10 The nature of explosions Figure
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12 4 lb cylinders, TNT, 3.75 lb sph
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14 The nature of explosions As Figu
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16 The nature of explosions of the
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18 1.4 THE DECAY OF INSTANTANEOUS O
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20 The nature of explosions Figure
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22 The nature of explosions where I
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24 sometimes written in psi as The
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26 The nature of explosions 1.20 Ki
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28 The detonation of explosive char
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50 Figure 2.18 Radius/time curve of
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54 and 50%, rather than by a factor
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3 Propellant, dust, gas and vapour
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Dust explosions 61 as the period 19
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Gas explosions 63 reported by Palme
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Gas explosions 65 workings in very
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Vapour cloud explosions 67 the leak
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References 69 in Los Angeles Harbou
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4 Structural loading from distant e
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Uniformly distributed pressures 73
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Table 4.1 Loading/time relationship
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Loading/time relationships 77 overp
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Loading/time relationships 79 side
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Loads on underground structures 81
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Loads on underwater structures 87 c
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References 89 4.12 Allgood, J. (197
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92 Structural loading from local ex
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Page 131 and 132: 98 The general empirical equation f
Page 133 and 134: 100 Structural loading from local e
Page 145 and 146: 112 Figure 5.16 Relationship betwee
Page 153 and 154: 120 Pressure measurement and blast
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Page 187 and 188: 154 Penetration and fragmentation F
Page 191 and 192: 158 Figure 7.16 Penetration simulat
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Page 197 and 198: 164 Table 7.1 Penetration and fragm
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Page 211 and 212: 178 Penetration and fragmentation o
Page 213 and 214: 180 Penetration and fragmentation 7
Page 215 and 216: 182 Penetration and fragmentation 7
Page 217 and 218: 184 The effects of explosive loadin
Page 221 and 222: 188 Table 8.1 It is worth noting th
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200 Table 8.5 The effects of explos
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202 The effects of explosive loadin
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216 Response, safety and evolution
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224 In the log-normal distribution
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230 Cole, R.H. 46, 48, 53, 55, 99 C
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232 Petry 143 Philip, E.B. 13, 14,
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Subject index Aircraft damage 207 A
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A History of Research and a Review of Recent Developments

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