A History of Research and a Review of Recent Developments

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v shock front velocity vp permanent vertical movement vc seismic velocity in concrete vs speed of surface of a charge wu maximum permissible displacement x surface distance y depth of a point below the surface ym shock strength; maximum deflection yel deflection at the limit of elastic behaviour yst static deflection z depth CAPITAL LETTERS Notation xiii A area; cross-sectional area positive impulse of an explosion D crater diameter; cylinder diameter fireball diameter duct diameter; tunnel diameter E instantaneous energy release energy factor Ep perforation energy Ē dimensionless decay parameter F soil factor resisting force; nose force Fe equivalent peak force H depth of burial surface wave amplitude height of charge target thickness I positive impulse per unit area I0 peak impulse K constant in penetration formula mass scaling factor constraint factor KL transformation factor KM transformation factor KR transformation factor L length distance along a tunnel track length span of beam M virtual mass MA fragment weight distribution parameter ML loading modulus MU unloading modulus MS Mach number N nose performance coefficient number of fragments
xiv Notation Q work done during expansion of explosive gases R radial distance from the centre of an explosion distance above ground Re effective slant range Rme maximum resistance S unsupported span soil constant cross-sectional area of a tunnel T time of penetration thickness of slab decay time constant T1 period of oscillation T2 period of oscillation Te static temperature Ts static temperature Tte stagnation temperature Tts stagnation temperature V impact velocity chamber volume; volume Vc critical velocity VL propagation velocity Vs striking velocity W weight yield of explosion in megatons Wc casing weight Wf fragment weight Wl mass per unit length Wp total projectile weight X transverse distance Y radial flow of water GREEK LETTERS a peak stress attenuation factor angle between a radial line and the vertical time constant factor applied to distance to establish peak pressure at tunnel entrances ß time constant γ ratio of specific heats γ ratio of specific heats γ0 gas constant for expansion chamber γ3 gas constant for compression chamber θ angle of orientation of a bomb time for pressure to fall to half initial value µ refractive index
Page 2 and 3: EXPLOSIVE LOADING OF ENGINEERING ST
Page 4 and 5: Explosive Loading of Engineering St
Page 6 and 7: Contents Preface vii Acknowledgemen
Page 8 and 9: Preface A long time ago I walked ov
Page 10: Acknowledgements The reports from w
Page 13: xii Notation m mass of projectile m
Page 18 and 19: Introduction Explosions can threate
Page 20 and 21: Introduction xix Bertram Hopkinson
Page 22 and 23: Introduction xxi in the seventeenth
Page 24 and 25: Introduction xxiii own versions of
Page 26 and 27: Introduction xxv indoor shelters an
Page 28 and 29: Introduction xxvii explosions/ stru
Page 30 and 31: Introduction xxix particularly dama
Page 32: Introduction xxxi but the feeling i
Page 35 and 36: 2 The nature of explosions propelli
Page 37 and 38: 4 The nature of explosions or rathe
Page 39 and 40: 6 The nature of explosions ogive, a
Page 41 and 42: 8 The nature of explosions mass, an
Page 43 and 44: 10 The nature of explosions Figure
Page 45 and 46: 12 4 lb cylinders, TNT, 3.75 lb sph
Page 47 and 48: 14 The nature of explosions As Figu
Page 49 and 50: 16 The nature of explosions of the
Page 51 and 52: 18 1.4 THE DECAY OF INSTANTANEOUS O
Page 53 and 54: 20 The nature of explosions Figure
Page 55 and 56: 22 The nature of explosions where I
Page 57 and 58: 24 sometimes written in psi as The
Page 59 and 60: 26 The nature of explosions 1.20 Ki
Page 61 and 62: 28 The detonation of explosive char
Page 63 and 64: 30 The detonation of explosive char
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32 The detonation of explosive char
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50 Figure 2.18 Radius/time curve of
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54 and 50%, rather than by a factor
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3 Propellant, dust, gas and vapour
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Dust explosions 61 as the period 19
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Gas explosions 63 reported by Palme
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Gas explosions 65 workings in very
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Vapour cloud explosions 67 the leak
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References 69 in Los Angeles Harbou
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4 Structural loading from distant e
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Uniformly distributed pressures 73
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Table 4.1 Loading/time relationship
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Loading/time relationships 77 overp
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Loading/time relationships 79 side
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Loads on underground structures 81
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Loads on underwater structures 87 c
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References 89 4.12 Allgood, J. (197
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92 Structural loading from local ex
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98 The general empirical equation f
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100 Structural loading from local e
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112 Figure 5.16 Relationship betwee
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120 Pressure measurement and blast
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142 Penetration and fragmentation r
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144 Penetration and fragmentation p
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146 Penetration and fragmentation w
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148 Penetration and fragmentation T
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152 Penetration and fragmentation F
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152 Penetration and fragmentation n
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158 Figure 7.16 Penetration simulat
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162 Penetration and fragmentation b
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164 Table 7.1 Penetration and fragm
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168 Penetration and fragmentation I
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170 Penetration and fragmentation l
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174 Penetration and fragmentation p
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176 Penetration and fragmentation o
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178 Penetration and fragmentation o
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180 Penetration and fragmentation 7
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182 Penetration and fragmentation 7
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184 The effects of explosive loadin
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188 Table 8.1 It is worth noting th
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200 Table 8.5 The effects of explos
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216 Response, safety and evolution
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224 In the log-normal distribution
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230 Cole, R.H. 46, 48, 53, 55, 99 C
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232 Petry 143 Philip, E.B. 13, 14,
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Subject index Aircraft damage 207 A
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A History of Research and a Review of Recent Developments

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