A History of Research and a Review of Recent Developments

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5 Structural loading from local explosions 5.1 CONCENTRATED EXTERNAL EXPLOSIVE LOADS ON SURFACE STRUCTURES When an explosive charge is detonated in contact with, or very close to a structure in air, the loading can no longer be considered uniform over the area of component faces, and it is necessary to examine the spread and decay of the instantaneous pressure pulse as it travels across the external areas of the structure. Local loading due to a contact explosion on a rigid surface in air has been summarized by Henrych [5.1], who considered first a prismatic charge, width b, length l, and height H in contact with its plan area bl. When detonated the products of the explosion are assumed to expand in the 5 directions normal to the external faces of the charge, and the instantaneous pressure on the target is equal at all points over the contact area and applied normally to the rigid surface. At a point on the surface distance x from the nearest face of the charge the time of arrival of the shock front will be x/vs, where vs is the speed at which the surface of the charge is displaced by the explosion. The impulse per unit area acting at a distance x is given by 91 (5.1) where ρ is the mass density of the explosive and u x is the outburst speed. The total contact explosion impulse is equal to the area of the impulse pattern, and for a prismatic charge with b>2H this is: (5.2)
92 Structural loading from local explosions Figure 5.1 Triangular and trapezoidal impulse patterns (from Henrych, ref. 5.1). The trapezoidal impulse distribution is shown in Figure 5.1. If b
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EXPLOSIVE LOADING OF ENGINEERING ST
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Explosive Loading of Engineering St
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Contents Preface vii Acknowledgemen
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Preface A long time ago I walked ov
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Acknowledgements The reports from w
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xii Notation m mass of projectile m
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xiv Notation Q work done during exp
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Introduction Explosions can threate
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Introduction xix Bertram Hopkinson
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Introduction xxi in the seventeenth
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Introduction xxiii own versions of
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Introduction xxv indoor shelters an
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Introduction xxvii explosions/ stru
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Introduction xxix particularly dama
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Introduction xxxi but the feeling i
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2 The nature of explosions propelli
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4 The nature of explosions or rathe
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6 The nature of explosions ogive, a
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8 The nature of explosions mass, an
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10 The nature of explosions Figure
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12 4 lb cylinders, TNT, 3.75 lb sph
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14 The nature of explosions As Figu
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16 The nature of explosions of the
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18 1.4 THE DECAY OF INSTANTANEOUS O
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20 The nature of explosions Figure
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22 The nature of explosions where I
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24 sometimes written in psi as The
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26 The nature of explosions 1.20 Ki
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28 The detonation of explosive char
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Page 73 and 74: 40 The detonation of explosive char
Page 83 and 84: 50 Figure 2.18 Radius/time curve of
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Page 94 and 95: Dust explosions 61 as the period 19
Page 96 and 97: Gas explosions 63 reported by Palme
Page 98 and 99: Gas explosions 65 workings in very
Page 100 and 101: Vapour cloud explosions 67 the leak
Page 102 and 103: References 69 in Los Angeles Harbou
Page 104 and 105: 4 Structural loading from distant e
Page 106 and 107: Uniformly distributed pressures 73
Page 108 and 109: Table 4.1 Loading/time relationship
Page 110 and 111: Loading/time relationships 77 overp
Page 112 and 113: Loading/time relationships 79 side
Page 114 and 115: Loads on underground structures 81
Page 120 and 121: Loads on underwater structures 87 c
Page 122: References 89 4.12 Allgood, J. (197
Page 127 and 128: 94 Structural loading from local ex
Page 129 and 130: 96 Structural loading from local ex
Page 131 and 132: 98 The general empirical equation f
Page 133 and 134: 100 Structural loading from local e
Page 145 and 146: 112 Figure 5.16 Relationship betwee
Page 153 and 154: 120 Pressure measurement and blast
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140 Pressure measurement and blast
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142 Penetration and fragmentation r
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144 Penetration and fragmentation p
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146 Penetration and fragmentation w
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148 Penetration and fragmentation T
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152 Penetration and fragmentation F
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152 Penetration and fragmentation n
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158 Figure 7.16 Penetration simulat
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162 Penetration and fragmentation b
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164 Table 7.1 Penetration and fragm
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168 Penetration and fragmentation I
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170 Penetration and fragmentation l
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174 Penetration and fragmentation p
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176 Penetration and fragmentation o
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178 Penetration and fragmentation o
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180 Penetration and fragmentation 7
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182 Penetration and fragmentation 7
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184 The effects of explosive loadin
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188 Table 8.1 It is worth noting th
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200 Table 8.5 The effects of explos
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216 Response, safety and evolution
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224 In the log-normal distribution
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230 Cole, R.H. 46, 48, 53, 55, 99 C
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232 Petry 143 Philip, E.B. 13, 14,
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Subject index Aircraft damage 207 A
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A History of Research and a Review of Recent Developments

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