A History of Research and a Review of Recent Developments

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Notation All symbols are defined in the text where they first appear. The symbols listed below are those that appear repeatedly, or are of greatest interest. LOWER CASE LETTERS a side dimension of an explosive charge a constant am maximum bubble radius b side dimension of an explosive charge a constant c seismic velocity velocity of sound in water maximum aggregate size fragmentation parameter viscous damping value c0 , c3 speeds of sound for gasses in chambers c1, c2 coefficients cd drag coefficient cs seismic wave velocity d water depth depth of explosion distance from mouth of shock tube projectile diameter f depth factor, ground shock coupling factor hydraulic coefficient of friction h thickness of an explosive charge height of roughness in a pipe i specific impulse k spring stiffness soil characteristic kp pressure factor in tunnels ki impulse factor in tunnels l clear span between supports length of explosive charge xi
xii Notation m mass of projectile me equivalent mass n attenuation coefficient circumferential modal index p pressure, overpressure, stress in soil, vertical penetration pa atmospheric pressure pd drag pressure pe duct entrance static pressure pi initial pressure, peak stress in soil pm peak pressure p0 peak overpressure, static yield pressure pr reflected pressure ps pressure outside duct p1 instantaneous pressure, peak instantaneous pressure pressure at tunnel entrance pmax maximum pressure px peak pressure at a distance x along a tunnel pw internal overpressure in a shock tube q dynamic pressure due to blast winds qL equivalent uniformly distributed load qD dead load per metre r pipe radius radial distance s distance charge spacing t time slab thickness; thickness of casing time measured from moment of arrival of blast wave ta time of arrival of shock tA intervals tc time of reflection effects td duration of blast pressure tp minimum slab thickness tm time of maximum response t0 time for shock front to reach given point tr duration; rise time u dilational seismic velocity ū shockwave velocity ua speed of sound in air up permanent horizontal movement outburst speed u x
Page 2 and 3: EXPLOSIVE LOADING OF ENGINEERING ST
Page 4 and 5: Explosive Loading of Engineering St
Page 6 and 7: Contents Preface vii Acknowledgemen
Page 8 and 9: Preface A long time ago I walked ov
Page 10: Acknowledgements The reports from w
Page 15 and 16: xiv Notation Q work done during exp
Page 18 and 19: Introduction Explosions can threate
Page 20 and 21: Introduction xix Bertram Hopkinson
Page 22 and 23: Introduction xxi in the seventeenth
Page 24 and 25: Introduction xxiii own versions of
Page 26 and 27: Introduction xxv indoor shelters an
Page 28 and 29: Introduction xxvii explosions/ stru
Page 30 and 31: Introduction xxix particularly dama
Page 32: Introduction xxxi but the feeling i
Page 35 and 36: 2 The nature of explosions propelli
Page 37 and 38: 4 The nature of explosions or rathe
Page 39 and 40: 6 The nature of explosions ogive, a
Page 41 and 42: 8 The nature of explosions mass, an
Page 43 and 44: 10 The nature of explosions Figure
Page 45 and 46: 12 4 lb cylinders, TNT, 3.75 lb sph
Page 47 and 48: 14 The nature of explosions As Figu
Page 49 and 50: 16 The nature of explosions of the
Page 51 and 52: 18 1.4 THE DECAY OF INSTANTANEOUS O
Page 53 and 54: 20 The nature of explosions Figure
Page 55 and 56: 22 The nature of explosions where I
Page 57 and 58: 24 sometimes written in psi as The
Page 59 and 60: 26 The nature of explosions 1.20 Ki
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28 The detonation of explosive char
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50 Figure 2.18 Radius/time curve of
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54 and 50%, rather than by a factor
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3 Propellant, dust, gas and vapour
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Dust explosions 61 as the period 19
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Gas explosions 63 reported by Palme
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Gas explosions 65 workings in very
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Vapour cloud explosions 67 the leak
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References 69 in Los Angeles Harbou
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4 Structural loading from distant e
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Uniformly distributed pressures 73
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Table 4.1 Loading/time relationship
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Loading/time relationships 77 overp
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Loading/time relationships 79 side
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Loads on underground structures 81
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Loads on underwater structures 87 c
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References 89 4.12 Allgood, J. (197
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92 Structural loading from local ex
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98 The general empirical equation f
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100 Structural loading from local e
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112 Figure 5.16 Relationship betwee
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120 Pressure measurement and blast
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142 Penetration and fragmentation r
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144 Penetration and fragmentation p
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146 Penetration and fragmentation w
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148 Penetration and fragmentation T
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152 Penetration and fragmentation F
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152 Penetration and fragmentation n
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158 Figure 7.16 Penetration simulat
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162 Penetration and fragmentation b
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164 Table 7.1 Penetration and fragm
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168 Penetration and fragmentation I
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170 Penetration and fragmentation l
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174 Penetration and fragmentation p
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176 Penetration and fragmentation o
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178 Penetration and fragmentation o
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180 Penetration and fragmentation 7
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182 Penetration and fragmentation 7
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184 The effects of explosive loadin
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188 Table 8.1 It is worth noting th
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200 Table 8.5 The effects of explos
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216 Response, safety and evolution
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224 In the log-normal distribution
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230 Cole, R.H. 46, 48, 53, 55, 99 C
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232 Petry 143 Philip, E.B. 13, 14,
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Subject index Aircraft damage 207 A
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A History of Research and a Review of Recent Developments

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