Green Care: A Conceptual Framework - Frisk i naturen

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Jung’s later contributions are more closely related to what we now call ‘green care’. He described the phenomenon of the collective unconscious – which is a pre-verbal and primitive sense of connectedness – to others, to ancestors and to nature. Jung (1959) describes the lack of awareness about it in traditional science as follows: “For [experimental science] the workings of nature in her unrestricted wholeness are completely excluded. We need a method of enquiry which leaves Nature to answer out of her fullness.” (p. 846) This is an early harbinger of the biophilia hypothesis (see Section 6.2) which was first posited by E. O. Wilson (Wilson, 1984), and later expanded and developed by Stephen R. Kellert (Kellert, 1993). Lovelock’s Gaia is a similar theoretical construction, though his focus is to describe the connectedness with nature as a whole organism, and he does not do so with any consideration of the psychological, spiritual or physical of the experience of humans in this (Lovelock, 1979). Lionel Corbett a Californian post-Jungian psychiatrist, describes the transcendental nature of contact with nature (Corbett, 2006): “A further genre of numinous experience occurs to people who find the sacred within the natural world. Some traditional religionists were nature mystics, but today this sensibility is mostly found in the guise of political movements such as the environmentalists. What drives them however is a profound feeling for the numinosity of nature, so that to desecrate the land is tantamount to sacrilege. One can recognise such individuals when they have this type of experience: Hurrying to a class at the university, because I was late I had to cross an expanse of lawn. As I ran across the grass, I had the most amazing and horrible experience. I could feel that each blade of glass had a life force, that the ground had a life force, that everything was bound together in this wonderful dance. I could feel my feet crushing the blades of grass. I could hear the crunch, I could feel the pain the grass felt. From this experience of expanded consciousness and oneness – which came totally unbidden and unexpected at that moment – I realised that I was something more than this pocket of flesh and mind, wondering and searching.” (p. 63) 89
References Corbett, L. (2006) Varieties of numinous experience: the experience of the sacred in the therapeutic process. In A. Casement, and D. Tacey (eds.) The Idea of the Numinous: Contemporary Jungian and Psychoanalytic Perspectives, Chapter 4, Hove: Routledge. Goldberg, L. R. (1992) ‘The development of markers for the Big-five factor structure’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(6), 1216-1229. Jung, C. G. (1921) ‘Psychological Types’ in Collected Works of C G Jung, Volume 6, Princeton University Press. Jung C. G. (1959) On the Psychology of the Trickster Figure. Collected Works, 9i. Kellert, S. R. (1993) The Biophilia Hypothesis. Washington DC: Island Press. Lovelock, J. (1979) Gaia: A new look at life on Earth. Oxford: OUP. Myers, I. B., McCaulley, M. H., Quenk, N. L., Hammer., A. L. (1998) MBTI Manual ( A guide to the development and use of the Myers Briggs type indicator). 2nd Edition. Palo Alto CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Rowland, S. (2006) Jung and Derrida: the numinous, deconstruction and myth. In A. Casement and D. Tacey (eds) The Idea of the Numinous: Contemporary Jungian and Psychoanalytic Perspectives,Chapter 7, Hove: Routledge. Storr, A. (1973) Jung. London: Fontana. Wilson, E. O. (1984) Biophilia. Boston: Harvard University Press. 6.14 Quality of life models Although quality of life (QoL) is a widely used concept, its’ definitions are diverse. In the social sciences, QoL refers to material well-being and people’s feelings about the adequacy of their resources. In the medical sciences, QoL refers to the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in which attributes of health status are emphasized. QoL is holistic in nature representing a broad range of dimensions ranging from necessities of life such as food to those connected to happiness and fulfilment (Meerberg, 1993). Measurement of QoL provides “insight into the perceived discrepancy between actual and ideal states”. The QoL is high when the hopes and expectations of one’s ability to function match the perceived situation (McDowell, 2006). QoL models can be used to assist resource allocation and to assess the impact of policy decisions (Rogerson, 1995). In health care QoL is an outcome measure used in evaluating treatment outcomes mainly from a patient perspective. By measuring quality of life, the effect of different 90 Green Care: A Conceptual Framework
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Green Care: A Conceptual Framework
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Acknowledgements: The editors would
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Authors Bente Berget Postdoctor, De
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Contents PAGE CHAPTERS 9 1 Our valu
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1 Why does ‘green care’ matter?
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these attributes are necessary for
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of St Dympna and stayed in a ‘the
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The treatment of tuberculosis durin
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sustainability and ecology (see for
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“The importance of feeling connec
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The natural environment can be used
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Hickey, B. (2008) ‘Lothlorien Com
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3 Defining the concept of ‘green
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environment may be experienced by e
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These have been mentioned above and
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aware of it. This is very similar t
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References (Section 3) Burls, (Pedr
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4 A brief overview of ‘green care
Page 40 and 41: elationship. According to McNichola
Page 42 and 43: Spurgeon (2006) have described STH:
Page 44 and 45: health-giving and that people seeki
Page 46 and 47: concise definition stating that wil
Page 48 and 49: References (Section 4) Bandoroff, S
Page 50 and 51: Kruger, K. A. and Serpell, A. (2006
Page 54 and 55: 5 Green care and its links with oth
Page 56 and 57: model is that people develop self-i
Page 58 and 59: Main described the crucial importan
Page 60 and 61: etween members of the community its
Page 62 and 63: to sustainable development in urban
Page 64 and 65: Ecotherapy is more about urban gree
Page 66 and 67: 5.3.4 Food production in urban area
Page 68 and 69: 5.3.6 Community owned farms A sligh
Page 70: Mougeot Luc J. A. (2006) Growing Be
Page 73 and 74: (Wilson, 1984) has been highly infl
Page 75 and 76: Kaplan and Kaplan (1989) suggest th
Page 77 and 78: 6.5 Therapeutic landscapes and gree
Page 79 and 80: also shows that involvement in work
Page 81 and 82: meaning and self actualisation (Mas
Page 83 and 84: down to three concepts or dimension
Page 85 and 86: assessment tool produced in an attr
Page 87 and 88: controls (Berget, 2006; Berget et a
Page 89: Whilst green care in general does n
Page 93 and 94: complicate the interpretation of th
Page 95 and 96: physiological effect - an effect on
Page 97: dependability of the whole experien
Page 101 and 102: can be seen as decreasing the need
Page 103 and 104: mental and social facets. Overall h
Page 105 and 106: its effects. There will be shortcom
Page 107 and 108: can be derived not only from human
Page 109 and 110: Table 7.1: Key services produced by
Page 111 and 112: References (Section 7) Antonovsky,
Page 114 and 115: 8 Conclusions 8.1 Green care - the
Page 116 and 117: community movement, or a single loc
Page 118 and 119: “An advanced industrial society i
Page 120 and 121: References (Section 8) Berget, B.,
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