Green Care: A Conceptual Framework - Frisk i naturen

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that they judge themselves capable of managing. Perceived self-efficacy regulates human function in four major ways (Bandura, 1977): i) Cognitive: People with high self-efficacy are more likely to have high aspirations, think soundly, set themselves difficult challenges, and commit themselves firmly to meeting those challenges. They have a tendency to visualize successful outcomes instead of dwelling on personal deficiencies or ways that things might go wrong. ii) Motivational: Motivation and self-belief is stronger if people believe that they can attain their goals. Self-efficacy beliefs determine the goals people set for themselves, how much effort they expend, and how long they persevere. iii) Mood or affect: Self-efficacy beliefs regulate the motion states. People that lack self-efficacy are more likely to magnify risks, while people with high self-efficacy deal with stress and anxiety by acting in ways that make the environment less threatening. They are also more likely to calm themselves and seek support from other people. Likewise, persons with high coping abilities have better control over disturbing thoughts. There is also a connection between low self-efficacy and depression. Low self-efficacy causes the defeat of one’s hope, thus resulting in low mood. This in turn will lead to weakened self-efficacy and causes a downward cycle. People with low self-efficacy avoid difficult tasks, they lower their goals, and seek less support from others. Failures make them lose faith in themselves, and in turn contribute to lowered mood and depression (Bandura, 1982, 1986, 1997). Research has shown that therapeutic riding, for example, can improve selfconfidence, social competence and quality of life (Fitzpatrick and Tebay 1997; Burgon, 2003; Bizub et al, 2003). However, there are to date few long-term follow-up studies of the impact of green care interventions on self-efficacy. A recent doctoral thesis based on a randomised, controlled study of a three-month intervention with dairy cattle for patients with severe mental health illness (mainly mood disorders, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and schizophrenia), showed that anxiety was lower and self-efficacy higher at follow-up six months after the end of the intervention compared with baseline for the treatment group, but not for the 85
controls (Berget, 2006; Berget et al, 2007). Among the diagnostic groups, only the patients with affective disorders showed significant increase in self-efficacy at follow-up. The study suggested that positive effects of animal interventions on self-efficacy among these patient groups may take a long time to develop. References Bandura, A. (1977) ‘Self-efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change’. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215. Bandura, A. (1982) ‘Self-efficacy, mechanism in human agency’. American Psychologist, 37, 122-147. Bandura, A. (1986) ‘The explanation and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory’. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 4, 359-373. Bandura, A. (1997) ‘Self-efficacy’. Harvard Mental Health Letter, 13, 4-7. Berget, B. (2006) Animal-Assisted therapy: Effects on Persons with Psychiatric Disorders Working with Farm Animals. PhD Thesis, Aas: Norwegian University of Life Sciences and Oslo: University of Oslo. Berget, B., Skarsaune, I., Ekeberg, Ø. and Braastad, B. (2007) ‘Humans with Mental Disorders Working with Farm Animals: A Behavioral Study’. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 23(2), 101-117. Bizub, A. L., Davidson, L. and Joy, A. (2003) ‘It’s like being in another world. Demonstrating the therapeutic benefit of horse back riding for individuals with psychiatric disability.’ Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 26, 377-383. Burgon, H. “Case studies of adults receiving horse-riding therapy.” Anthrozoos, 16(3), 263-76. Fitzpatrick, J. C and Tebay, J. M. (1997) ‘Hippotherapy and therapeutic riding’, In C.C. Wilson and D. C. Turner (eds.) Companion Animals in Human Health (Eds), pp. 41-58, London: Sage Publications. 6.12 Nature, religion and spirituality Most cultures have a tradition in which gods, supernatural beings and powers are believed to reside within the elements of nature. Often, these beliefs have been developed into religions in which the gods are worshipped. Rituals may be practised in which they are thanked, sacrificed to, or placated. Anthropologists have studied these “primitive religions” extensively. Even in modern, “developed” societies, nature religions persist in neo-paganist movements such as Wicca. The fact that these beliefs are widespread testifies to the emotional power that nature has for humans. Modern, mainstream religions, however, also include nature components. St Francis of Assisi is well-known as a nature-oriented Christian saint. 86 Green Care: A Conceptual Framework
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Green Care: A Conceptual Framework
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Acknowledgements: The editors would
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Authors Bente Berget Postdoctor, De
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Contents PAGE CHAPTERS 9 1 Our valu
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1 Why does ‘green care’ matter?
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these attributes are necessary for
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of St Dympna and stayed in a ‘the
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The treatment of tuberculosis durin
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sustainability and ecology (see for
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“The importance of feeling connec
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The natural environment can be used
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Hickey, B. (2008) ‘Lothlorien Com
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3 Defining the concept of ‘green
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environment may be experienced by e
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These have been mentioned above and
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aware of it. This is very similar t
Page 36 and 37: References (Section 3) Burls, (Pedr
Page 38 and 39: 4 A brief overview of ‘green care
Page 40 and 41: elationship. According to McNichola
Page 42 and 43: Spurgeon (2006) have described STH:
Page 44 and 45: health-giving and that people seeki
Page 46 and 47: concise definition stating that wil
Page 48 and 49: References (Section 4) Bandoroff, S
Page 50 and 51: Kruger, K. A. and Serpell, A. (2006
Page 54 and 55: 5 Green care and its links with oth
Page 56 and 57: model is that people develop self-i
Page 58 and 59: Main described the crucial importan
Page 60 and 61: etween members of the community its
Page 62 and 63: to sustainable development in urban
Page 64 and 65: Ecotherapy is more about urban gree
Page 66 and 67: 5.3.4 Food production in urban area
Page 68 and 69: 5.3.6 Community owned farms A sligh
Page 70: Mougeot Luc J. A. (2006) Growing Be
Page 73 and 74: (Wilson, 1984) has been highly infl
Page 75 and 76: Kaplan and Kaplan (1989) suggest th
Page 77 and 78: 6.5 Therapeutic landscapes and gree
Page 79 and 80: also shows that involvement in work
Page 81 and 82: meaning and self actualisation (Mas
Page 83 and 84: down to three concepts or dimension
Page 85: assessment tool produced in an attr
Page 89 and 90: Whilst green care in general does n
Page 91 and 92: References Corbett, L. (2006) Varie
Page 93 and 94: complicate the interpretation of th
Page 95 and 96: physiological effect - an effect on
Page 97: dependability of the whole experien
Page 101 and 102: can be seen as decreasing the need
Page 103 and 104: mental and social facets. Overall h
Page 105 and 106: its effects. There will be shortcom
Page 107 and 108: can be derived not only from human
Page 109 and 110: Table 7.1: Key services produced by
Page 111 and 112: References (Section 7) Antonovsky,
Page 114 and 115: 8 Conclusions 8.1 Green care - the
Page 116 and 117: community movement, or a single loc
Page 118 and 119: “An advanced industrial society i
Page 120 and 121: References (Section 8) Berget, B.,
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