Green Care: A Conceptual Framework - Frisk i naturen

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landscape and aesthetics, recreation and amenity, water accumulation and supply, nutrient recycling and fixation, wildlife habitats, storm protection and flood control as well as carbon sequestration (Dobbs and Pretty, 2004). These public services gained from land have been the focus of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) and Defra (2007). In the past, the focus has been on the negative externalities of agriculture: water pollution (from pesticides, fertilisers and soil, from farm waste, Cryptosporidium from livestock etc); the loss of landscape (hedgerows, picture postcard fields) and biodiversity (wildlife, farmland birds etc.); the spread of food-borne diseases (salmonella, BSE etc.) and gaseous emissions (methane from livestock) (Pretty et al, 2001). However, the concept of multifunctionality in agriculture switches the focus onto the positive side effects of farming. This has been supported by the Curry Commission (2002), which recommended that subsidy payments under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) should be decoupled from production. Thus establishing the principle that agriculture and land management also have many positive side-effects, contributing to public goods such as biodiversity, landscape aesthetics, water quality, carbon sequestration and so on (Dobbs and Pretty, 2004) The multifunctional nature of the services provided therefore gives a multifunctional value for the land. From a review of the current literature and previous work on the multifunctionality of land (Pretty et al, 2000; Dobbs and Pretty, 2004; Pretty et al, 2008; Hine et al, 2008b), eight key services produced by the land have been identified (Table 7.1). Many of the services and functions highlighted in Table 7.1 have gone unrecognised in the past, or because they have contributed to public goods or services they have not had a cost or value assigned, and so have tended to receive little attention. 107
Table 7.1: Key services produced by the land Service type Issues 1. Farming services Food, fibre, oil and other primary produce from farms and from other land management (e.g. forestry) 2. Biodiversity Wildlife in fields, on farms and in non-farmed habitats and ecosystems 3. Historic and heritage Presence of scheduled monuments (sites and buildings of archaeological and historic importance) 4. Water services i. Flood protection through rain water absorption and coastal management of sea. 108 Green Care: A Conceptual Framework ii. Water retention by land into rivers and aquifers 5. Climate change mitigation i. Carbon sequestered into organic matter in soils or above ground biomass. ii. Carbon saved by reductions in fossil fuel use iii. Carbon saved by biomass-based renewable energy production to avoid carbon emissions iv. Effects of vegetation in reducing air pollution v. Effects of greenspaces on microclimate 6. Landscape character The unique natural and man-made features of a particular regional landscape, e.g. stone walls, sunken lanes, hedgerows, water meadows, farm buildings etc. 7. Leisure and recreation services Activities undertaken by the public in rural areas, such as walking, cycling, fishing, boating, horse-riding 8. Health services The mental and physical health benefits to individuals arising from exposure to green places and engaging in physical activity. Source: Hine et al, 2008b
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Green Care: A Conceptual Framework
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Acknowledgements: The editors would
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Authors Bente Berget Postdoctor, De
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Contents PAGE CHAPTERS 9 1 Our valu
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1 Why does ‘green care’ matter?
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these attributes are necessary for
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of St Dympna and stayed in a ‘the
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The treatment of tuberculosis durin
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sustainability and ecology (see for
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“The importance of feeling connec
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The natural environment can be used
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Hickey, B. (2008) ‘Lothlorien Com
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3 Defining the concept of ‘green
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environment may be experienced by e
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These have been mentioned above and
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aware of it. This is very similar t
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References (Section 3) Burls, (Pedr
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4 A brief overview of ‘green care
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elationship. According to McNichola
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Spurgeon (2006) have described STH:
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health-giving and that people seeki
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concise definition stating that wil
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References (Section 4) Bandoroff, S
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Kruger, K. A. and Serpell, A. (2006
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5 Green care and its links with oth
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model is that people develop self-i
Page 58 and 59: Main described the crucial importan
Page 60 and 61: etween members of the community its
Page 62 and 63: to sustainable development in urban
Page 64 and 65: Ecotherapy is more about urban gree
Page 66 and 67: 5.3.4 Food production in urban area
Page 68 and 69: 5.3.6 Community owned farms A sligh
Page 70: Mougeot Luc J. A. (2006) Growing Be
Page 73 and 74: (Wilson, 1984) has been highly infl
Page 75 and 76: Kaplan and Kaplan (1989) suggest th
Page 77 and 78: 6.5 Therapeutic landscapes and gree
Page 79 and 80: also shows that involvement in work
Page 81 and 82: meaning and self actualisation (Mas
Page 83 and 84: down to three concepts or dimension
Page 85 and 86: assessment tool produced in an attr
Page 87 and 88: controls (Berget, 2006; Berget et a
Page 89 and 90: Whilst green care in general does n
Page 91 and 92: References Corbett, L. (2006) Varie
Page 93 and 94: complicate the interpretation of th
Page 95 and 96: physiological effect - an effect on
Page 97: dependability of the whole experien
Page 101 and 102: can be seen as decreasing the need
Page 103 and 104: mental and social facets. Overall h
Page 105 and 106: its effects. There will be shortcom
Page 107: can be derived not only from human
Page 111 and 112: References (Section 7) Antonovsky,
Page 114 and 115: 8 Conclusions 8.1 Green care - the
Page 116 and 117: community movement, or a single loc
Page 118 and 119: “An advanced industrial society i
Page 120 and 121: References (Section 8) Berget, B.,
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