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National Seminar on Rainwater Harvesting and Water Management 11-12 Nov. 2006, Nagpur 73. A Case Study on Wastewater Treatment and Reuse of Waste Water INTRODUCTION Water is the nature’s gift and is available in various forms. Its use is universal. Pure water is never found in nature. Water available in the earth surface contains number of impurities such as organic, inorganic and various gases which may be harmful to the health of the public. Therefore it is very essential to remove such impurities so that water will be potable. Waste is anything discarded, rejected, surplused, abandoned or otherwise released into the environment that could have an impact on the environment. Waste affects our world’s environment, everything that surrounds us including air, water, land, plants and man made things. The waste, created has to be carefully controlled so that it does not harm our environment. Hence the effect of waste onto the environment can be controlled by practicing three R’s viz. Reduce, Recycle and Reuse. REDUCE Reduce or reduction is to make something smaller or useless, resulting in a smaller amount of waste. Source reduction is reducing waste which indicates conservation of natural resources wisely and using less than usual in order to avoid waste. RECYCLE Recycling denotes the process that would make waste into resource. Water can be recycled well. Water recycling is reusing the treated wastewater for beneficial purpose such as agriculture, landscape irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing and replenishing a ground *Mr. V. Karthikeyan **Mr. P. Venugopal water basin ( ground water recharge ) BENEFITS OF RECYCLING • Water recycling can decrease diversion of fresh water from sensitive ecosystems. • Water recycling decreases discharge to sensitive water bodies. • Recycled water may be used to create or enhance wetlands and riparian habitats. • Water recycling can reduce and prevent pollution. REUSE Reuse is the process of repairing or giving it to someone who can repair. Reusing product, when possible, is even better than recycling because the item does not need to be reprocessed before it can be reused. BENEFITS OF RECYCLED WATER Recycled water can satisfy most water demands, as long as it is adequately to ensure water quality appropriate for use. Recycled water is most commonly used for the purposes such as agriculture, landscape, public parks and golf course irrigation. Also it includes cooling water for power plants and oil refineries, industrial process water for such facilities as paper mill and carpet dyers, toilet flushing, dust control, construction activities, concrete mixing and artificial lakes. In ground water recharge projects, recycled water can be spread or injected into ground water aquifers to augment ground water supplies, and to prevent water intrusion in coastal areas. * Head of Civil Engg. Dept., Thiagarajar Polytechnic College, Salem & Hon. Secretary, Institutions of Engineers (India), Salem Local Centre **Lecturer in Civil Engg. Dept., Thiagarajar Polytechnic College, Salem 402
CASE STUDY The Salem Municipality in Tamilnadu was upgraded into the Corporation from the year 1994 with an extents over an area of 100 sq.km. The Salem Corporation is divided into 4 zones with 60 divisions and having the present population of 10 lakhs. The Corporation is supplying drinking water to the community from Stanley Dam at Mettur in twice a week. But for domestic, commercial, industrial and other purpose, public depends upon subsurface water and thus resulting in fast depletion of ground water. Sona group of institutions such as Thiagarajar Polytechnic College and Sona College of Technology situated in the heart of city with sprawling campus of 50 acres. It is well equipped with all facilities like building, laboratories, sports complex, swimming pool, hostels, beautiful lawn and garden. At present, the campus habitated with about 3000 non-residential students pursuing their studies. In order to meet their demands of other than drinking purposes, water is being drawn from open well and bore wells. Daily a quantum of 75 kld of water is being drawn from the ground to meet various demands for kitchen, toilets, maintaining lawn and gardens. This huge amount of water will tends to bring down the water table in the ground to lower the level further and further. Hence our institution is thought of treating wastewater discharged from kitchen, bathroom and reuse the treated water for maintaining lawn and garden. METHODOLOGY WASTE WATER TREATMENT Wastewaters, whether domestic or industrial have several undesirable components – organic and inorganic pollutants that are potentially harmful to the environment and the human health. The treatment of wastewater and its management has become a necessity in order to conserve this vital resource. The main aim of waste water treatment is removal of contaminants from water so that the treated water can be reused for beneficial purposes. The waste water treatment is carried out in three stages – Primary, Secondary and Tertiary or Advanced Waste treatment. (I) PRIMARY TREATMENT The primary treatment is of general use and 403 is used for removing suspended solids, odour, colour and to neutralize the high or low P H . This stage exploits the physical or chemical properties of the contaminants and removes the suspended and floating matter by screening, sedimentation, floatation, filtration, precipitation. (II) SECONDARY TREATMENT The secondary treatment or biological process of sewage involving, stabilizing and rendering harmless very fine suspended matter and solids of the waste water that remain after the primary treatment has been done. In biological treatment, organic matter is stabilized by bacteria under controlled conditions so that maximum amount of BOD is reduced in the treatment plant rather than in the water course. The biological waster treatment are commonly carried out by activated sludge system and biological film system. (III) TERTIARY OR ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT Usually the primary and the secondary treatment sufficient is to meet wastewater effluent standards. However advanced wastewater treatment is to be carried out when water after produced from primary and secondary treatment units is required to be of higher water quality standards ( in case the water to be put to some direct reuse ). This includes the further removal of suspended solids, dissolved solids, toxic substances, BOD, plant nutrients etc,. GENERATION OF WASTE WATER In our Institution, 3000 non-residential students are pursuing their Diploma and Degree programmes in Engineering. Daily, a huge amount of water is drawn from sub-surface and is being utilized for various purposes such as kitchen, washing, toilets, lawn and gardening etc,. (except drinking). The total amount of water is being supplied to the students community is given below. 3000 students x 25 litres/day = 75000 litres/day (or) 75 kld. Daily a quantum of 75 kld of water is being drawn from bore well or open well thus depleting the ground water very fast. The total quantity of water consumed is discharged as waste water from various points. Here it is assumed that, the total quantity of water supplied is taken as total quantity
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National Seminar on Rainwater Harve
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once subsoil water starts draining
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The plantation process starts with
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DOLASANE , SANGAMNER RANGE I, SANGA
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Table 1. Present land use of waters
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the determination of specification
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Hydrological Parameters (mm) 140 12
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Drainage Engineering, 129(3): 184-1
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March to July, 2004 in the field si
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If the rain precipitation in a vill
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echarging , A study of world wide f
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these villages, the people themselv
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improve the quantity and the qualit
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The opinion of the public for the q
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in fact the base of energy in Tajik
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end of 80’s building of Roghun’
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consumption of oil on 11 times more
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change waterness charge o Vakhsh m
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are following: a) Compound of const
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for subsequent use of water for irr
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years. These beels can also be conv
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ody through water conservation and
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contribute to increased fish produc
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Figure 1 : Map of Bangladesh showin
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end uses and the intentional manage
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INTRODUCTION Indian water sector is
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ut definitely they are not substitu
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having the height greater than 50m
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ain. There is no conducive evidence
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chase food self sufficiency as a go
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REPORTB OF WORLD COMMISION ON DAMS
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