Accepted Papers - 3.pdf - UNESCO

eing 6.08, pH value of AB 3 and AB 4 site were close
to each other values being 5.02 and 4.15
respectively. Thus pH values in decreasing order
were as follows: AB 1 > AB 2 >AB 3 >AB 4 . Digital pH
meter NIG 333 was used for the determination of
pH of sample water. Tolerance limits of pH for
industrial effluents discharge in to inland surface
waters (IS: 2490-1974) is 5.5 - 9.0. AB 1 pH value is
above 9.0 and two site AB 3 and AB 4 pH value is
below 5.5.
Biological oxygen demand (BOD) is an index
of organic pollution in water, it is the rate of removal
of oxygen by microorganisms in aerobic degradation
of dissolved or even particulate organic matter in
water. All the four site’s waste water sample, have
different BOD values. Site AB 1 has the highest
BOD, value being 118 mg/l. Site AB 2 BOD value
being 104 mg/l, AB 3 and AB 4 site sample BOD
values were 46 mg/l and 54 mg/l respectively. BOD
values in decreasing order were as follows:
AB 1 >AB 2 >AB 4 > AB 3. Tolerance limit of BOD for
industrial effluents discharged in to inland surface
waters (IS:2490-1974) is 30 mg/l and in all the site
samples BOD value crosses this value of 30 mg/l
prescribed by Indian standard for discharge in to
inland surface waters.
Chemical oxygen demand (COD), the measure
of oxygen required in oxidizing the organic
compounds present in water by means of chemical
reactions involving oxidizing substances such as
potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate
showed different values in all the waste water
samples, site AB 2 COD value was the highest among
the four site its value being 225 mg/l which crossed
the tolerance limit for industrial effluents discharged
in to inland surface waters (IS: 2490-1974) which
is 250 mg/l , site AB 1 COD value(85 mg/l) was
second highest, AB 3 and AB 4 COD values were 92
mg/l and 80 mg/l respectively. All Site average COD
values were below the ISI standards for discharge
of industrial effluents in to inland surface waters.
COD values in decreasing order were as follows:
AB 2 >AB 1 >AB 3 >AB 4. All metals copper, iron, nickel
and zinc analyzed are present at different level of
concentrations in all the sites samples, Table3.
Copper is industrial health hazard, excess of
copper in human body is toxic and causes
hypertension, sporadic fever, uremia, coma and even
death. Copper also produces pathological changes
399
in brain tissue, copper concentration was highest in
site AB 3 value being 12.04 mg/l , least in site AB 1
4.24 mg/l , 7.2 mg/l and 9.4 mg/l in site AB 2 and
AB 4 respectively, copper in decreasing order of
concentration was as follows: AB 3 >AB 4 >AB 2 >AB 1 .
All site samples value exceeded the tolerance limit
for industrial effluents discharged in to inland
surface waters (IS: 2490-1974) which is 3.0 mg/l .
Membrane technology by which copper is removed
efficiently up to 98 % is reverse osmosis and by
nano filtration removal achieved is 90%. Suggested
natural and cheap adsorbent for copper removal are
fly ash, china clay, saw dust, jute, cow dung and
coconut coir dust.
More than 10 mg/kg level of iron causes rapid
increase in pulse rates, congestion of blood vessels,
hyper tension and drowsiness. 3.0 mg/l is the waste
water discharge standard for iron prescribed by IS:
2490-1974 and EPA. Highest concentration of iron
was found in site AB 3 (8.82 mg/l), least in site AB 1
(2.82 mg/l) .Concentration in site AB 2 and AB 4 was
3.6 mg/l and 5.24 mg/l respectively. Concentration
in decreasing order of concentration was as follows:
AB 3 >AB 4 >AB 2 >AB 1 . Application of ultrafiltration
membranes for treating waste water laden with iron
concentration is effective, it does not require pretreatment,
by using a combined treatment process
and also provide a positive barrier to pathogens,
such as cryptosporidium and giardia, and both
organic and inorganic solids. Suggested natural and
cheap adsorbent for iron removal are modified
acacia bark, raw rice husk, and fly ash.
Nickel concentration more than 30 mg causes
change in muscle, lung, liver, brain and kidney and
also can result in cancer. It also causes tremor,
paralysis and even death. Nickel concentration was
highest in site AB 3 (27 mg/l) and concentration in
site AB 1 , AB2 and AB 4 was 5.64 mg/l , 12.2 mg/l
and 18.6 mg/l respectively. Nickel in decreasing
order of concentration was as follows:
AB 3 >AB 4 >AB 2 >AB 1 . The nickel concentration in
all the sites exceeded the tolerance limits for
industrial effluent discharge in to inland surface
waters which is 3.0 mg/l (IS: 2490-1974) and EPA.
Surfactant-added powdered activated carbon/
microfiltration (PAC/MF) hybrid process in the
removal of nickel from water and wastewater is the
latest, efficient, promising technology. Suggested
natural and cheap adsorbent for nickel removal are