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Himalayan region is the source of a number of rivers which are the major of sweet and potable water used for drinking, domestic, industrial, transportation and agricultural applications. But due to the expansion of industries, uncontrolled population, huge infractural development and exponentially increasing demand energy and resource parameters for sustainable living, entire world is suffering from water crisis. On the other hand energy is also an essential requirement for human survival and growth. Electricity is the most utilizable form of energy and widely used for domestic and industrial applications. Water is not only used in domestic and agricultural sectors but more of available fraction is used by industrial sector. Due to the unutilisability of salty water in domestic/agriculture and industrial (due to the corrosion problem by salts gradients in water) sectors; the demand of potable of pure water is rapidly increasing. In industries a large amount of water is required for the applications based on evaporative cooling in power plants, thermal industries and buildings, boiler feed water, process water, irrigation of surrounds of industries etc. In the power sector of the country more than 70 % of the electricity is generated through steam power plants where coal is used as the primary fuel and water is used as the evaporative medium for heat transfer. Similarly in nuclear and gas based power plants; water is needed. Electricity generation from hydro power plants is in the second position in the country and is accepted to increase gradually. Water is also an essential requirement of refineries and manufacturing industries. The remaining processed water of the power plants, industries and other sectors creates serious water and hence environmental problem. Some developed countries of the world already shifted towards refining of the waste water to fulfill the water demand; but refining technologies are quite expansive especially the developing countries like India; where around 40% population is still below the poverty line. Only the proper planning and implacable policies can provide the solution of water conservation and utilization of waste water for other application. Solar pond can be an effective technology towards the electricity generation, water & energy conservation and hence the protection of environment. 372 2. International Energy Outlook: World Energy Scenario According to the International Energy Outlook 2005 (IEO2005) world primary energy consumption is projected to increase by 57% from 2002 to 2025. In its reference case, world marketed energy consumption is projected to increase on average by 2.0 percent per year over the 23-year forecast horizon from 2002 to 2025-slightly lower than the 2.2 percent average annual growth rate from 1970 to 2002. Worldwide, total energy use in projected to grow from 412 quadrillion British Thermal units (Btu) in 2002 to 553 quadrillion Btu in 2015 and 645 quadrillion Btu in 2025. 2.1 World Primary Energy Resources Use of all energy sources increases over the forecast period. Fossil fuels (oil, natural gas and coal) continue to supply much of the energy used worldwide, and oil remains the dominant energy source, given its importance in the transportation and industrial end-use sectors. World OIL use is expected to grow from 78 million barrels/day in 2002 to 103 million barrels/day in 2015 and 119 million barrels/day in 2025. The projected increment in worldwide oil use would require an increment in world oil production capacity of 42 million barrels/ day over 2002 levels. Natural GAS is projected to be the fastest growing component of world primary energy consumption in IEO2005. Consumption of natural gas worldwide increases in the forecast by an average of 2.3 % annually from 2002 to 2025, compared with projected annual growth rates of 1.9 % for oil consumption and 2.0 % for coal consumption. From 2002 to 2025, consumption of natural gas is projected to increase by 69 %, from 92 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) to 156 Tcf, and its share of total energy consumption is projected to grow from 23 %to 25%. The electric power sector accounts for 51 % of the total incremental growth in worldwide natural gas demand over the forecast period. World COAL consumption is projected to increase from 5,262 million short tons (Mst) in 2002 to 7,245 Mst in 2015, at an average rate of 2.5 percent per year. From 2015 to 2025, the projected rate of increase in world coal consumption slows to
1.3 % annually, and the total energy consumption in 2025 is projected at 8,226 Mst. Of the coal produced worldwide in 2002, 65 %was supplied to electric power producers and 31 % to industrial consumers. In the industrial sector coal is an important input for the manufacture of steel and for the production for the manufacture of steel and for the production of steam and direct heat for other industrial applications. Coal is expected to maintain its importance as an energy source in both the electric power and industrial sectors, with the two sectors combined accounting for virtually all the growth in coal use in the midterm forecast. World net electricity consumption nearly doubles in the reference case forecast, 14,275 billion kilowatt-hours in 2002 to 21,400 billion kilowatthours in 2015 and 26,018 billion kilowatt-hours in 2025. Coal and natural gas are expected to remain the most important fuels for electricity generation throughout the forecast, accounting for 62 percent of the energy used for electricity production in 2025. 2.2 Environmental Aspects Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is one of the most relevant greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Anthropogenic i.e. human caused emissions of carbon dioxide result primarily from the combustion of fossil fuels for energy, and as a result world energy use has emerged at the center of the climate change debate. The world carbon dioxide emissions are projected to rise from 24.4 billion metric tons (Bmt) in 2002 to 30.2 Bmt in 2010 and 38.8 Bmt in 2025. According to this projection, world CO 2 emissions in 2025 would exceed 1990 levels by 72 %. Much of the projected increase in carbon dioxide emissions occurs among the emerging nations, accompanying large increase in fossil fuel use. The economics account for 68 percent of the projected increment in carbon dioxide emissions between 2002 and 2025. Combustion of petroleum products contributes 5,733 (Mmt) to the projected increase from 2001, coal 4,120 MmT and natural gas the remaining 3,374 Mmt. As a result, the absolute increment in CO 2 emissions from coal combustion is larger than the increment in emissions from natural gas combustion. CO 2 emissions from energy use in the industrialized countries are expected to increase by 4,009 Mmt, to 15,643 Mmt in 2025, or by about 1.2% per year. Emissions from the combustion of 373 petroleum products account for about 42% of the total increment expected for the industrialized world, gas 33 %, and coal 24%. 3. Energy Consumption in India Owing to population growth and economic development, India’s energy consumption has been increasing at one of the fastest rates in the world. India, the world’s sixth largest energy consumer, plans major energy infrastructure investments to keep up with increasing demand-particularly for electric power. India is the world’s third-largest producer of coal, and relies on coal for more than half of its total energy needs. India’s economic growth is continuing its recovery from a slowdown that took place in 2002, which was mainly attributable to weak demand for manufactured exports and the effects of a drought on agricultural output. Real growth in the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) was 4.0% for 2002, surging to 8.2% in 2003 and a projected 6.4% for 2004 and 6.2% for 2005. Oil accounts for about 30% of India’s total energy consumption. India’s average oil production level (total liquids) for 2003 was 819,000 bbl/d, of which 6, 60, 000 bbl/d was crude oil. India had net oil imports of over 1.5 million bbl/d in 2004. Indian consumption of natural gas has risen faster than any other fuel in recent years. From only 0.6 Tcf per year in 1995, natural gas use was nearly 0.9 Tcf in 2002 and is projected to reach 1.2 Tcf in 2010 and 1.6 Tcf in 2015. Coal is the dominant commercial fuel in India, satisfying more than 70% India’s energy demand. Power generation accounts for about 70% of India’s coal consumption, followed by heavy industry. Coal consumption is projected in the International Energy Annual 2004 to increase to 430 million short tons in 2010, up from 359 Mst in 2000. India is trying to expand electric power generation capacity, as current generation is seriously below peak demand. Although about 80% of the population has access to electricity, power outages are common, and the unreliability of electricity supplies is severe enough to constitute a constraint on the country’s overall economic development. As of January 2004, total installed Indian power generating capacity was 126,000 MW. The country needs 9% of the annual growth in electricity. This needs a huge economic investment
Page 1 and 2: National Seminar on Rainwater Harve
Page 3 and 4: once subsoil water starts draining
Page 5 and 6: The plantation process starts with
Page 7 and 8: DOLASANE , SANGAMNER RANGE I, SANGA
Page 11 and 12: Table 1. Present land use of waters
Page 13 and 14: the determination of specification
Page 15 and 16: Hydrological Parameters (mm) 140 12
Page 17 and 18: Drainage Engineering, 129(3): 184-1
Page 19 and 20: March to July, 2004 in the field si
Page 21 and 22: mm in 4 lph drip followed by 755.25
Page 23 and 24: Table 3 : Seasonal water use (mm) i
Page 27 and 28: pinnata) Aquatic plants are represe
Page 29 and 30: the base of the trench to assist dr
Page 31 and 32: SUDS (Sustainable Drainage Systems)
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3 : Cascade model of constru
Page 37 and 38: H eff = H R - H aq - H f ……..
Page 39 and 40: • Layers of gravel/media laid hor
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Page 45 and 46: Figure 1a. Schematic diagram of sol
Page 47 and 48: Figure 5. Cross-section of partitio
Page 51 and 52: Fig. 1 (a) - (d) : Water Level Soun
Page 53 and 54: farms and industries hope to get ad
Page 57 and 58: Geology of Area The area is a part
Page 59 and 60: ground water recharge, which includ
Page 61 and 62: Table - 3 : Salient features of the
Page 69 and 70: eing 6.08, pH value of AB 3 and AB
Page 71 and 72: Table 2 : Tolerance limit for metal
Page 73 and 74: CASE STUDY The Salem Municipality i
Page 75 and 76: After analyzing the characteristic
Page 77 and 78: 1. Ash Pond water recycling System
Page 79 and 80: Poly Electrolyte Dosing RAIN WATER
Page 81 and 82: Canteen Waste Garbo-drain Bar Scree
Page 83 and 84: SERVICE WATER FOR SPAYING COAL CRUS
Page 85 and 86: In coastal areas of Gujarat, the vi
Page 87 and 88: Water diversion Channel The work fo
Page 89 and 90: 04. Natural Water harvesting at Sol
Page 91 and 92: Work Done Storage No. of Area No. o
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Conclusions The process of rainwate
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Infact, these are ‘lessons’ tha
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we get our act together and make wa
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National Seminar on Rainwater Harve
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and weathering also control the wat
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One relatively easy means of storin
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Ground Water Conservation Technique
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anging from 37-60% of recommended d
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given priority before implementatio
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was having potential to irrigate 15
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water, use of improved seed and bal
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the result of the success they have
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un off from one hill and conveying
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harvest will certainly solve the wa
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If the rain precipitation in a vill
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echarging , A study of world wide f
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these villages, the people themselv
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improve the quantity and the qualit
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The opinion of the public for the q
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in fact the base of energy in Tajik
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end of 80’s building of Roghun’
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consumption of oil on 11 times more
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change waterness charge o Vakhsh m
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are following: a) Compound of const
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for subsequent use of water for irr
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years. These beels can also be conv
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ody through water conservation and
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contribute to increased fish produc
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Figure 1 : Map of Bangladesh showin
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end uses and the intentional manage
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INTRODUCTION Indian water sector is
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ut definitely they are not substitu
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having the height greater than 50m
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ain. There is no conducive evidence
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chase food self sufficiency as a go
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REPORTB OF WORLD COMMISION ON DAMS
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