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Hazens equations Sub main: Area = 168 x 0.5 = 84 m 2 d gross = 0.01363 m, = 7200 sec. Capacity (flow rate) Q = (0.01363 x 84) / 7200 = 1.59 Õ 10 -4 m 3 /sec or = 572.46 lph length of lateral - 14 m; Number of lateral - 8 Capacity of each lateral Q lat = 572.46 / 8 = 71.55 lph Emitter discharge = Gross depth of water × wetted area of Duration of application d gross At q t × = , = 2.55 lph 0 . 01363 × 0. 5 × 1. 5 × 0. 4 = , 2 Daily water requirement : The daily water requirement of crop grown under drip irrigation method was estimated by using the formula. V = ET × S p × Sr × Wp , = 10.2 x 0.5 x 1.5 x 0.4 = 3.06 litre per plant Required discharge for micro sprinkler: Application depth, Di = 0.50 x Mc x dr, = 0.50 x 0.27 x 0.40, = 5.4 cm Number of laterals, ln = W/ S = 6/ 1.5, = 4 1, Discharge of a lateral, Q Q × η × η = d a 1 , S n × ln = 0.0318 lps Discharge of a micro sprinkler, Qs = Q1 × S s / L1 , = (70.318 x 2) / 14 = 0.045 lps one plant Estimation of quantity of water The crop water requirement in drip and micro sprinkler irrigation treatment was based on the formula referred by Indian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage (INCID) in drip irrigation in India (Anonymous, 1994) as: V1 = E p × Kc × K p × A × N Net volume of water to be applied, 350 Vn = V1 − Re × A Number of operating hours of system (T) during a week. T = Vn × Wp no. of dripper/ plant × no. of plants × dripper discharge T Operating hours per application = N. m Where, V = volume of water applied in (litres), E = mean 1 p pan evaporation for the week in (mm/day), K = the c crop factor, K = the pan factor, A = the area to be p irrigated in (sq m), N = no. of days in a week, R = e the effective rainfall in (mm), W = percentage p wetting Nm = No. of application / week , T = No. of operation hour/week Water use, Crop yield and Water use efficiency The seasonal water use of different irrigation methods was worked out by simple water budgeting method over the growing season under two modes of irrigation. This facilitated the comparison of seasonal water use of all irrigation methods. The water use efficiency of different irrigation treatments was worked out in order to evaluate its performances in terms of per unit of water used. The irrigation schedule adopted in the surface irrigation was based on 50% depletion of available soil moisture at the root zone depth. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Crop Water Requirement for Bitter Gourd The value of ET peak and crop coefficient for initial stage, development stage, mid season stage and late season stage were found to be 7.3, 7.8, 6.5, 4.7 and 0.79, 0.94, 1.18, 1.14 respectively. The ET values for these four stages were determined as 164.4, 296.7, 220.9 and 119.3 mm respectively. Thus ET for whole crop period was found to be 801.3 mm and presented in the (Table 2). Seasonal Water Use The seasonal water use for the crop was determined with all the irrigation treatments. The lowest seasonal water use was found to be 747.5
mm in 4 lph drip followed by 755.25 mm in 8 lph drip irrigation and 790 mm in micro sprinkler. (Table 3). The percent saving in seasonal water use with 4 lph drip irrigation, 8lph drip irrigation and micro sprinkler irrigation was calculated as 30.14%, 29.41% and 26.16% respectively, as compared to the surface method of irrigation. These findings are also supported by Magar et at. (1985) and Sivanappan and Padmakumari (1980). Yield parameter The crop yield was evaluated with all the irrigation treatments and compared to surface irrigation. The highest yields from 8 lph was found (212.49 q/ha), followed by 4 lph (202.79 q/ha) and from micro sprinkler irrigation (169.17 q/ha) presented in (Table 4). The percent increase yield with 8 lph drip, 4 lph and micro sprinkler irrigation was recorded as 36.89%, 30.60% and 8.98% respectively as compared to surface method of irrigation. These results are supported by Sivanappan and padmakumari (1980) and Magar et al. (1985). Water Use Efficiency The water use efficiency with 8 lph drip, 4 lph drip and micro sprinkler was calculated and compared to the surface irrigation. The highest water use efficiency (50.7 kg/ha-mm) was found from 8 lph, followed by 4 lph drip (46.8 kg/ha-mm) and from micro sprinkler (29.7 kg/ha-mm). The results presented in the (Table 5). CONCLUSIONS The ET values for the initial stage, development stage, mid season stage and late season stage of Bitter Gourd were determined as 164.4, 296.7, 220.9 and 119.3 mm respectively. Thus total ET for crop period was found to be 801.3 mm. The seasonal water use of bitter gourd under micro sprinkler, 8 lph drip and 4 lph drip was found to be 790 mm, 755.25 mm and 747.50 mm respectively. The water use efficiency of Bitter Gourd under micro sprinkler, 8 lph drip and 4 lph drip was found to be 29.7, 50.7 and 46.8 kg /ha-mm respectively. The benefit-cost ratio for 8 lph drip, 4 lph drip and micro sprinkler irrigation were found to be 4.26: 1, 3.69: 1 and 1.15: 1 respectively. 351 REFERENCES • Anonymous, 1994. Drip irrigation in India. Indian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage, July 1994, New Delhi. • Berthelot, P. B. and Robertson, C. A. 1990. “A comparative study of the financial and economic viability of drip and overhead irrigation of sugarcane in Mauritius.” Agric. Water Manage, 17: 307 - 315. Battawar, H. B., Shukla, S. P. and Sachidanand, B. 1983. Evaluation of evapotranspiration and crop coefficient values for vegetable and wheat, mousum. 34 (1): 51-54. • Chaudhary, J. L. Sastri, A. S. R. A. S. 1992. The evaporation and water requirement of important crops in Chhattisgarh region. Bagirath., Vol. 19, No-1: 3-6. • Darade, R. S. and Shinde U.R. 1993. Field evaluation of hydraulic performances of static micro sprinkler irrigation system, unpublished B. Tech. (Agril. Engg) thesis submitted to Mahatma Phule Krishi vidyapeeth, Rahuri, (M.S.). • Goel, A. K., Gupta, R. K. and Rajinder kumar. 1993. Water use efficiency and yield of potato under drip and furrow irrigation systems. All India seminar on sprinkler and drip irrigation, Dec. (9 th and 10 th ): 86-88. • Magar, S. S., Mane, T. A. and Shinde, S. H. 1985. Development of drip irrigation in vertisol under water resource constraints. Journal of IWRS, Roorkee, 5(2): 39-44. • Prabhaker, M. 1997. Drip irrigation in vegetables. Drip irrigation. Pub. Agronomy club, UAS, Dharward. • Post, S. C., Peck D. E., Brender R. A., Sakovich N. J. and Waddle. 1986. Evaluation of low flow sprinkler irrigation, J. California Agril. University, California, July-Aug.: 27-29. • Sharma, H.G., Verma. V.P., Rajput, S.S. and Pandey, V.K. 1998. Comparative performance of drip and suface methods of irrigation in banana cv. Chakrakeli. Proc. of the national seminar on micro irrigation research in India: status and prospectives for the 21 st century, Bhubaneswar, July 27- 28: 237- 241. • Sivanappan, R.K., and Padmakumari, O. 1980. Drip irrigation. TNAU, Coimbatore, SVNP report 87: 15. • Westarp, S. V., Cheing, S. and Schreier, H. 2003. “A comparison between low-cost drip irrigation, conventional drip irrigation, and hand watering in Nepal”. Agric. Water Manage. 64: 143-160.
Page 1 and 2: National Seminar on Rainwater Harve
Page 3 and 4: once subsoil water starts draining
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Table 2 : Tolerance limit for metal
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CASE STUDY The Salem Municipality i
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After analyzing the characteristic
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1. Ash Pond water recycling System
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Poly Electrolyte Dosing RAIN WATER
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Canteen Waste Garbo-drain Bar Scree
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SERVICE WATER FOR SPAYING COAL CRUS
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In coastal areas of Gujarat, the vi
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Water diversion Channel The work fo
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04. Natural Water harvesting at Sol
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Work Done Storage No. of Area No. o
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Conclusions The process of rainwate
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Infact, these are ‘lessons’ tha
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we get our act together and make wa
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National Seminar on Rainwater Harve
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and weathering also control the wat
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One relatively easy means of storin
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Ground Water Conservation Technique
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anging from 37-60% of recommended d
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given priority before implementatio
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was having potential to irrigate 15
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water, use of improved seed and bal
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the result of the success they have
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un off from one hill and conveying
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harvest will certainly solve the wa
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If the rain precipitation in a vill
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echarging , A study of world wide f
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these villages, the people themselv
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improve the quantity and the qualit
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The opinion of the public for the q
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in fact the base of energy in Tajik
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end of 80’s building of Roghun’
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consumption of oil on 11 times more
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change waterness charge o Vakhsh m
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are following: a) Compound of const
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for subsequent use of water for irr
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years. These beels can also be conv
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ody through water conservation and
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contribute to increased fish produc
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Figure 1 : Map of Bangladesh showin
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end uses and the intentional manage
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INTRODUCTION Indian water sector is
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ut definitely they are not substitu
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having the height greater than 50m
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ain. There is no conducive evidence
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chase food self sufficiency as a go
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REPORTB OF WORLD COMMISION ON DAMS
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