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National Seminar on Rainwater Harvesting and Water Management 11-12 Nov. 2006, Nagpur 61. Pressurized Irrigation System : An Advanced Irrigation Water Management Technique For Bitter Gourd (Momordica Charentia) *V. K. Pandey *Jai Prakash Bhart ABSTRACT Water being a limited resource, optimum utilization by efficient water management techniques, is the key for food security in coming days. Pressurized irrigation is the only tool for solving problem of water scarcity for Indian agriculture especially horticultural crops. In the present investigation water requirement of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charentia) under pressurized irrigation systems i.e. drip (8 lph and 4 lph) and micro sprinkler was determined using climatological approach. Evapotranspiration (ET) values for various crop growth stages like initial, developmental, mid season and late season stages were determined as 164.4, 296.7, 220.9 and 119.3 mm respectively. Thus total ET for crop period was found to be 801.3 mm. The seasonal water use of Bitter Gourd under 8 lph drip, 4 lph drip and micro sprinkler were found to be 755.25 mm, 747.50 mm and 790.00 mm respectively. The highest water use efficiency was found to be from 8 lph (50.7 kg/ha-mm), followed by 4 lph drip (46.8 kg/ha-mm) and micro sprinkler (29.7 kg/ha-mm) as compared to conventional method of irrigation. It was concluded that the drip system with drippers of 8 lph discharge was found to be the most economical for the cultivation of summer bitter gourd for the Chhattisgarh plain region. Key words: Evapotranspiration, Pressurized irrigation, Water management, Water use efficiency INTRODUCTION Drip and micro sprinkler irrigation systems are advanced methods of irrigation through which water is applied directly to root zone around the plant through a pipe network with the help of emitters and micro sprinklers, near consumptive use of the plant. Drip and micro sprinkler irrigation saves irrigation water to the extent of 30 - 80% (NCPA, 1998) and enhance the crop yield by 30 to 100% (Sivanappan, 1998). These can reduce the consumption by 30 to 50% as compared to the conventional methods of irrigation. (Narayanmoorty, 1992). The overall application efficiency around 90% can be achieved by drip and micro sprinkler irrigation where as the same was found to be 25 to 30% while using surface irrigation. In India, the area under drip irrigation is only about 0.25 Mha, which is very meager. India has 36% of the total irrigated area of the world where the drip irrigation area is only 0.8%. Development of irrigation is considered as the principal means of removing the climatic constraints of water scarcity for agricultural productions considering economical status of the farmers. The area under drip irrigation in the country has increased from a meagre 1500 ha to about 70,000 ha and it was estimated that the area under drip irrigation will be about one lack ha in 1998. More than 80% area has been covered by only three states i.e. Maharastra (46.64%), Andhra Pradesh (16.4%) and Karnataka (16.17%) in drip irrigation. METHODS AND MATERIALS Field investigations were conducted during * Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur - 492006 (CG) 348
March to July, 2004 in the field size of 21 m x 14 m. The sub main was laid along the width and the laterals were laid along the length of the experimental field. Pressure gauge, gate valve and the filter unit were installed outside the pump house. Submain of size 63 mm was connected to the filter outlet with the help of bends, socket, and elbow. The laterals were laid along the length of the field. Micro sprinklers and drippers were connected on laterals at specify spacing. Monoblock pump (capacity 7.5 hp), pressure gauge (range 0.0– 6.0 kg/sq cm) and gate valve (65 mm diameter) were used to control water supply during the experiments. Water from the tube well was collected in a tank constructed on the ground surface. The water supply was bifurcated through two pipes, one to the point source of application and another was used as an outlet. A pressure regulator was provided on this pipe to control the water supply. Experimental details are presented in the (Table 1). Measurement of discharge Micro sprinklers and drip assemblies were subjected to five different pressures (0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50 kg/cm 2 ) using 16 mm diameter lateral. The water supplied for the experiment was a closed loop. A 63 mm diameter PVC pipe was placed over stake assembly and drippers to confine the discharge into the plastic container directly. Irrigation water was supplied from a well, filtered through an inline, 100 mesh screen. Test times varied with pressure, drippers, micro sprinkler and laterals length used. The water collected in the containers was measured with the help of measuring cylinder. The specified pressure was maintained during the tests within ± 5% of the base value as specified in ASAE standard. Design parameters The manifold and its laterals were designed and operated as double unified system. The micro sprinkler and drip irrigation system, which were controlled by a single valve and inline filter. The details of various design parameters were worked out as follows: Area : 12 m x 14 m = 168 m 2 , Water source : Tube well fed water tank, Crop : Bitter Gourd, Climate: Semi-humid, Wind : 2.5 kmph (acceptable limit), 349 Rainfall : 278.7 mm (during crop growing period), Soil type : Sandy clay loam, Infiltration rate : Average 12 mm/hr, ET crop : 10.23 mm, Ground water contribution: Nil Effective root zoon depth (D): 0.4 m, Field capacity of soil (FC) : 32 % (by weight) Permanent wilting point (PWP) : 18% (by weight), Critical point for system (CP): 0.85 (allowable moisture depletion 15%), Available moisture content: 27% (by weight) Area for micro sprinkler design: 6 m x 14 m = 84 m 2 , Distribution efficiency (ç d ): 50% Application efficiency ( ç a ): 85%, Lateral spacing ( S r ): 1.5 m, Emitter spacing (S p ): 0.5 m Bulk density (W): 1.38 g/cm 3 , Fraction of wetted area ( W p ) : 0.4 Length of lateral (L 1 ): 14 m, Width of the field (W): 6 m, Spacing between two laterals (S l ) : 1.5 m, Micro sprinkler spacing (S m ): 2.0 m Design of drop and Micro Sprinkler From the above mentioned parameter and field data, the various parameters of micro sprinkler and drip irrigation design were worked out separately. Net depth (d ) of water to be applied in one net irrigation FC − PWP dnet = × W × ( 1 − CP) × D × 1000 100 = 11.59 mm Gross depth (d ) of water to be applied gross dnet d gross = = 13.63 mm Ea Irrigation interval dgross = ET = 1 day crop ETcrop crop = peak ET + losses = 10.2 + 2.2 = 12.4 mm System capacity It was assumed that 168 m 2 area will be irrigated in two hrs in one day and fraction of the total area wetted = 0.5 The main line was designed using Williams and
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Page 3 and 4: once subsoil water starts draining
Page 5 and 6: The plantation process starts with
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Page 11 and 12: Table 1. Present land use of waters
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eing 6.08, pH value of AB 3 and AB
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Table 2 : Tolerance limit for metal
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CASE STUDY The Salem Municipality i
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After analyzing the characteristic
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1. Ash Pond water recycling System
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Poly Electrolyte Dosing RAIN WATER
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Canteen Waste Garbo-drain Bar Scree
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SERVICE WATER FOR SPAYING COAL CRUS
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In coastal areas of Gujarat, the vi
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Water diversion Channel The work fo
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04. Natural Water harvesting at Sol
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Work Done Storage No. of Area No. o
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Conclusions The process of rainwate
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Infact, these are ‘lessons’ tha
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we get our act together and make wa
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National Seminar on Rainwater Harve
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and weathering also control the wat
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One relatively easy means of storin
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Ground Water Conservation Technique
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anging from 37-60% of recommended d
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given priority before implementatio
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was having potential to irrigate 15
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water, use of improved seed and bal
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the result of the success they have
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un off from one hill and conveying
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harvest will certainly solve the wa
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If the rain precipitation in a vill
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echarging , A study of world wide f
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these villages, the people themselv
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improve the quantity and the qualit
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The opinion of the public for the q
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in fact the base of energy in Tajik
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end of 80’s building of Roghun’
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consumption of oil on 11 times more
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change waterness charge o Vakhsh m
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are following: a) Compound of const
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for subsequent use of water for irr
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years. These beels can also be conv
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ody through water conservation and
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contribute to increased fish produc
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Figure 1 : Map of Bangladesh showin
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end uses and the intentional manage
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INTRODUCTION Indian water sector is
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ut definitely they are not substitu
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having the height greater than 50m
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ain. There is no conducive evidence
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chase food self sufficiency as a go
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REPORTB OF WORLD COMMISION ON DAMS
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