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egional requirements are satisfied. Historical records establish that dynamic nature of environmental effects, which seem adverse to the environment at the time of construction, generally tend to stabilise and become less unfavourable. In fact extensive green cover develop in submergence and irrigation commands. Large number of migratory bird and wild life starts developing after construction of large dams (case studies for Aswan, Ramganga, Rihand, Matatila, Indira Gandhi Nehar, Beas Sutluj Link, Bhakra and Hirakud projects). We should aim at minimising the adverse environmental effects through appropriate changes in projects design along with adopting environmental management plan. It is necessary to take a balanced view considering both direct and indirect benefits as well as cost together with positive and negative impacts on environment and socio-economic status of the society. The environmental impacts should be analysed not only ‘before and after’ but also ‘with and without’ of the proposed water resources project. Many of the NGOs believe in myths even; when though such myths are clearly contradicted by scientific facts. Multi-disciplinary teamwork, though advocated easily, is indeed a difficult task to accomplish, specially when the individual’s training is in the narrow disciplinary field of specialisation. Subjects of water resources management, environmental concerns and the process of planning and operation of various types of water projects should be rightly taught at different levels of education as well as to the experts of different disciplines. SUPREME COURT JUDGEMENT RELATED TO NARMADA PROJECT Following excerpts of Hon’ble Supreme Court in their judgement delivered on 18 th October, 2000 for Narmada Project, in writ petition of Narmada Bachhao Andolan Vs. Government of India and Others are eye opening. (C.A. No. 6014/1994 W.P.(C) Nos. 345/94 with 104/1997, S.L.P. (C) No. 3608/1985 & T.C. (C) No. 35 of 19995 ). Dams and Environment -Supreme Court in its majority judgement stated ‘that in the present case, they were not concerned with the polluting industry, but a large dam. The dam is neither a nuclear establishment nor a polluting industry. The construction of a dam undoubtedly would result in the change of environment but it will not be correct 498 to presume that the contruction of a large dam like Sardar Sarovar will result in ecological disaster.’ ‘India has an experience over 40 years in the construction of dams. The experience does not show that the construction of a large dam is not cost effective or leads to ecological or environmental degradation. On the contrary, there has been ecological up-gradation with the construction of large dam. What is the impact on environment with the construction of a dam is well known in India and therefore, the ‘precautionary principle’ and the ‘polluter pays principle’ will have no application in the present case. So far, a number of such river valley projects have been undertaken in all parts of India. The petitioner has not been able to point out a single instance where the construction of a dam has, on the whole, had an adverse environmental impact. On the contrary, the environment has improved. That being so, there is no reason to suspect, with all the experience gained so far, that the position here will be any different and there will not be over all improvement and prosperity. It should not be forgotten that poverty is regarded as one of the causes of degradation of environment. With improved irrigation system, the people will prosper. The construction of Bhakra Dam is a shining example for all to see, how the backward area of erstwhile undivided Punjab has now become the granary of India with improved environment than what was before the completion of Bhakra Nangal Project. We are not convinced that the construction of dam will result in there being an adverse ecological impact. There is no reason to conclude that the Environmental Sub-group is not functioning effectively. The Group, which is headed by the Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forests is a high powered body, which can not be belittled merely on the basis of conjectures or surmises.’ Hon’ble Court was satisfied that substantial compliance of stipulated environmental safeguards was undertaken in SSD Project. Surprisingly, the Supreme Court noted that the Narmada Bacchao Andolan (NBA) had not even allowed surveys for demarcation for R&R of the PAFs and that the NBA’s efforts to stall SSDP through FMG had failed. The NBA’s plea that environmental clearance for Sardar Sarovar Dam Project had lapsed; was not agreed to by the Supreme Court. It was ruled that Narmada Bachhao Andolan (NBA) could not give a single example of the whole advese environmental impacts of even a single dam in India.
REPORTB OF WORLD COMMISION ON DAMS AND INDIA COUNTRY STUDY REPORT NBA and particularly Ms. Arun Dhatti Ray even dared to censor their lords for Ms. Ray was token imprisoned for a day ‘being a lady’. Later-on, Ms. Medha Patkar (main spirit behind NBA) became judge of World Commission on Dams (WCD) and her spokesperson Sh. Jain ( nominee of NBA in Govt. of India Committee) was appointed Vicechairman of WCD. Total reliance in INDIA COUNTRY STUDY REPORT (ICSR) was laid on the figures given by the NGOs especially regarding the displaced persons, submerged forests or the effective command; on the other hand, the government figures were stated to be unreliable inferring that such departments interpret and present the data to promote their own interests best. The achievement of water resources development of last 50 years in India have been totally neglected in ICSD. Large beneficial environmental and social impacts of the Bhakra Dam, Hirakud Dam, Ukai Dam, Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, Pong Dam, Ramganga Dam and several other major dams were available in numerous publications. Tremendous environmental and social benefits of Brindavan Garden (Krishna Raj Sagar Dam), Ukai & Ramganga Gardens, Periyar wildlife resorts, Kalindi Kunj, as by-products of large dams and improved environmental and social conditions in Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and western UP after the construction of large dams were left out in the study report. On the other hand, the three on-going projects namely, the Tehri, Indira Sagar and Sardar Sarovar Projects were cited, without associating the project authorities but laying total reliance on the views of activists fighting against these three projects. Thus ICSR was a true malafide play enacted under the shadow of the WCD. Surprisingly, against all norms of decency and law, the litigants and their prime supporters in Indian Supreme Court against the Sardar Sarovar and Tehri Dam Projects were either positioned as Commissioners of the World Commission on Dams or authors of India Country Study Report. Sh. Shekhar Singh, a lecturer in IIPA (petitioner against Tehri Dam) and Sh. Ramaswami R. Iyer ( an IAAS officer who was connected with water for about 2 years only as Union Secretary Water Resources) were commissioned as authors of India Country Study Report (ICSR) for WCD. 499 WCD report was critically reviewed by 3 top International Professional Organisations International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD), International Commission on Irrigation & Drainage (ICID), International Association of Hydropower Association (IHPPA). Their valuable observations were conveyed to prominent international organizations, professional bodies and Governments of various countries. They pointed out serious flaws & ambiguities in WCD Report and impracticability of the WCD recommendations. How can WCD recommendations regarding joint negotiations with the stake holders leading towards negotiated agreements at national and international levels, be accepted by India; in view of the massive programme for utilization of water, power and environmental resources; for accelerated economic development. Govt. of India had to very rightly reject the WCD Report since the report was not only being biased & ambiguous but also due to one-sided India Country Study Report wherein, the minor adverse environmental impacts of large dams were highly blown up and tremendous socio-economic and environmental benefits of even major dams like Bhakra, BSL, IGNP, Damodar, Ramganga, Nagarjunasagar, etc. were omitted. CONCLUSION A series of smaller dams, even if feasible, would entail higher costs, greater submergence, far more displacement, greater evaporation losses, increased maintenance cost and far less benefits. Small dams are prone to fall in critical years of drought because they depend on tiny catchments. Moreover, a large dam site is a natural resource depending on the rock formation, geometry of valley, foundation-conditions and hydrological features. Medium and small water projects as well as water harvesting schemes cannot substitute the need of large water storages but can at best complement the larger projects. This, too, depends upon the hydrological, geological, topographical and regional limitations. A large dam site is a natural resource depending on rocks formation, geometry of valley, foundations and hydrological features. Catchment area treatment and watershed management are development projects in their own right and should be planned and executed as such independently without putting undue financial burden on water resources projects. At best, treatment of direct draining sub-watersheds
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National Seminar on Rainwater Harve
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once subsoil water starts draining
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The plantation process starts with
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DOLASANE , SANGAMNER RANGE I, SANGA
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Table 1. Present land use of waters
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the determination of specification
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Hydrological Parameters (mm) 140 12
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Drainage Engineering, 129(3): 184-1
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March to July, 2004 in the field si
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mm in 4 lph drip followed by 755.25
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Table 3 : Seasonal water use (mm) i
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pinnata) Aquatic plants are represe
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the base of the trench to assist dr
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SUDS (Sustainable Drainage Systems)
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Figure 3 : Cascade model of constru
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H eff = H R - H aq - H f ……..
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• Layers of gravel/media laid hor
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1.3 % annually, and the total energ
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Figure 1a. Schematic diagram of sol
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Figure 5. Cross-section of partitio
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Fig. 1 (a) - (d) : Water Level Soun
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farms and industries hope to get ad
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Geology of Area The area is a part
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ground water recharge, which includ
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Table - 3 : Salient features of the
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eing 6.08, pH value of AB 3 and AB
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Table 2 : Tolerance limit for metal
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CASE STUDY The Salem Municipality i
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After analyzing the characteristic
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1. Ash Pond water recycling System
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Poly Electrolyte Dosing RAIN WATER
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Canteen Waste Garbo-drain Bar Scree
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SERVICE WATER FOR SPAYING COAL CRUS
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In coastal areas of Gujarat, the vi
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Water diversion Channel The work fo
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04. Natural Water harvesting at Sol
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Work Done Storage No. of Area No. o
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Conclusions The process of rainwate
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Infact, these are ‘lessons’ tha
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we get our act together and make wa
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and weathering also control the wat
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One relatively easy means of storin
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Ground Water Conservation Technique
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anging from 37-60% of recommended d
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given priority before implementatio
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was having potential to irrigate 15
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water, use of improved seed and bal
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the result of the success they have
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