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tend to move out of the Himalayan region in explosive ways. Landslides seem to be a major contributor of deposits of soil to the rivers. Himalaya rivers have constantly changed their course long before deforestation began. For example, archaeologists and scientists now believe that at the time of the Indus civilisation, Yamaha probably did not flow into the Ganga, nor Satluj flew into the Indus. Instead they flowed into the Ghagar, a small seasonal river that emerges from the Shivalik foothill in Chandigarh – to make it a mighty, perennial river that flowed straight into the Arabian Sea without joining the Indus-probably the much worshipped Saraswati of the Vedic times. The forests can tolerate minor and medium floods but the human society will have to learn to live with the major floods. Afforestation has a limited impact in terms of changing hydrological conditions. It is interesting to note that de-forestation as a cause of floods has come to be cited only recently. The District Gazetteer Of Poornia and Saharsa regions in the last century though concerned about the high silt load of the river Kosi, have never eluded to de-forestation as a contributor factor. Instead their recurrent occurrences was on the geological instability of the rivers’ upper catchment. To understand the problem of increasing floods in the Indo-Gangetic plains, it may be more instructive to study the logical changes that have taken place in the flood plains themselves. Natural factors contribute more to floods in Assam, than de-forestation or shifting cultivation. Tributaries of the Brahmaputra come from more forested areas than the southern ones and yet create more floods. Natural erosion processes in the Himalaya are so intense that they dwarf the changes posed by deforestation. Afforestation will help the local economy but will not large floods in the Himalayan regions”. ‘The deep gorges of Himalayan rivers seem sufficient to transport excess rainwater. Surprisingly, this is not true. Floods have been taking place in the Himalayan plains since time immemorial. The breathtaking photograph of the landslide that blocked the Bhagirath showed a densely green hillside had come tumbling down. Was it the fragile Himalayan geology or deforestation that was the main trouble? While reviewing this report, the New York Times, New York, reported “So this report takes little known fact; the impact of environmental degradation on floods in densely populated Assam and the Indo- Gigantic plains”. So this report takes on a very big myth; that floods in the plains are forced by deforestation in the Himalayas. An Indian 494 environmentalist has touched off a furious debate by challenging the conventional view that deforestation in the Himalayan hill is a primary cause of devastating seasonal floods”. Late Dr. Anil Aggarwal, Director, Centre for Science and Environment in the introduction of the above report highlighted “In fact this report points out some of the environmental myths that cam crop up when we continue to deal with major problems which occur in different ecological settings. For instance, the report points out that floods in the plains below the vast Himalayan ranges may not be greatly exacerbated by deforestation. Floods are, in fact, and will remain an inherent feature of these plains where the Himalayan mountains are well cleared with a green covered area or are deforested and deprived. The Himalayan mountains constitute an extremely fragile geological system. They are the youngest mountains in the world and therefore, highly erodable. They are lashed by rain streams by an intensity that probably no other mountain system faces. Water and silt move out of the mountain in a flood and shifting of river courses is, therefore, inevitable. Deforestation can aggravate the problem but afforestation can not get rid of it. Once the soil is saturated, all excess water must run-off as rejected recharge or be lost to evaporation. Forests do increase residence time by intercepting rainfall and letting it down gradually, by absorbing it in humus and leaf litter and in facilitating infiltration through the root structure which too acts both as a passage and sponge, but once the sponge is full its retention capacity is exhausted. A cloud burst produces torrential rain of an order that no forest can absorb, resulting in severe flash floods such as many parts of the basins experience every year with regular frequency. To blame these floods on deforestation is mistaken. What forests do is to reduce erosion and consequent sedimentation. It is believed that forests mitigate drought by storing water and releasing it over time through more even stream flows. This is only related to the point of saturation storage. We also should account for the loss due to evapo-transpiration by the forest which drinks up water for its sustenance. Forest interception of rain can also enhance evaporation loss from leaves. The net water balance will vary in accordance with conditions and circumstances. Forests are also believed to create or induce
ain. There is no conducive evidence of this belief. This is not to denigrate soil conservation, watershed management and forests or afforestation in the slightest but to caution against being diverted too far along what could be false trails. We have to avoid large generalisations on limited data. Every one knows about large rainfall on the seas, which occupy much larger area than the land mass. There are no trees on the seas and still the average rainfall on sea is higher than average rainfall on land, which carries forests. After collecting worldwide research findings, renowned international expert Ian R. Calder in his book Blue ‘Revolution- Integrated Land and Water Resources Management’, Published by Earthscan, London, UK, 2005 has alarmed, ‘Clearly it is important to know what can be attached to meant mother statements about forest and water for the proper management of water resources and land use. Many forestry projects in developing countries are supported because of assumed environmental/hydrological benefits, whilst in many cases the hydrological benefits may at best be marginal and at worst negative. The evidence for and against each of these ‘mother statements’ is taken in turn and appraised; the need for further research is also assessed.’ Hence we must seriously examine- Whether Forests increase rainfall, Forests increase runoff, Forests regulate flows, Forests reduce erosion, Forests reduce floods, Forests ‘sterilize’ water supplies and improve water quality and Agro forestry systems increase productivity ? MARKETING BOTTLED WATER Considerably more satisfaction and benefit can be obtained from the present water supply system, if managed efficiently. Costly systems are constructed, but for want of proper operation and maintenance, the benefits are not received by the people who have to incur considerable private costs and have to resort to alternate means or supplementary sources. Fast catching up practice of selling mineral water bottles at rates even more than milk and more than 1000 times than the tap water in India is paradoxical. While half of our population is unable to afford even the absolute minimum needs to quench their thirst. Only water supply utilities should be allowed to bottle and market the bottled water to generate much-needed funds for modernization and proper maintenance of existing 495 infrastructure. INTER- LINKING OF RIVERS Although India receives some waters from the upstream countries, the precipitation is the main source of water availability, Which has a very uneven distribution, with an annual rain fall of more than 10m in parts of Meghalaya to less than half a metre in semi arid parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat. In arid regions it could be less than 10 cm. Much of the water is received in a few months of the monsoon, and that to within around 100 hours of the rainy days. As per International standard the limit of 1700 KL of water per person per year is considered satisfactory. If it falls below 1000 KL, it creates condition of stress. The requirement of agriculture for producing food alone is 700 KL. Other requirements like that of domestic use, industries, ecological requirement, hydro power etc. takes the requirement above 1000 KL. The chart below shows availability of water per capita in the main river basins of India. Most of the basins in India have availability below 1000 KL whereas in Brahmaputra availability is around 10000 KL and in Narmada, Mahanadi above 2000 KL. Ministry of Water Resources, had recognized need of interlinking of rivers (ILRI) and prepared a National Perspective Plan in 1980 after studying all major basins of the country. National Water Development (NWDA) Agency was set up in 1982, to work on preparation of feasibility reports. A Task Force was constituted in 2002 to develop consensus for ILR. Supreme Court also advised to prepare action plan and time schedule for completion of ILR so as to finish the project by end of the year 2016. Thus, more than 25 years have passed, since need for Inter-basin transfer of water was recognized If effective actions are not taken quickly the country would face serious water crisis. Food requirement by 2050 is estimated as 450 Million tons. If prompt actions are not taken, the country may have to face serious food crisis and may have to start importing food grains like realuheut (PL480) in 450 and 60. Similarly if hydro power is not developed fastly it would result not only in shortage of power particularly in peak noun but, the country will have to go for more expensive options, which will make our products create significant less competitive in international market Broad objectives for inter-basin transfers could be envisaged as equitable distribution of the available water resources, increased economic efficiency; self
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National Seminar on Rainwater Harve
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once subsoil water starts draining
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The plantation process starts with
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DOLASANE , SANGAMNER RANGE I, SANGA
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Table 1. Present land use of waters
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the determination of specification
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Hydrological Parameters (mm) 140 12
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Drainage Engineering, 129(3): 184-1
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March to July, 2004 in the field si
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mm in 4 lph drip followed by 755.25
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Table 3 : Seasonal water use (mm) i
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pinnata) Aquatic plants are represe
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the base of the trench to assist dr
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SUDS (Sustainable Drainage Systems)
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Figure 3 : Cascade model of constru
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H eff = H R - H aq - H f ……..
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• Layers of gravel/media laid hor
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1.3 % annually, and the total energ
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Figure 1a. Schematic diagram of sol
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Figure 5. Cross-section of partitio
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Fig. 1 (a) - (d) : Water Level Soun
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farms and industries hope to get ad
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Geology of Area The area is a part
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ground water recharge, which includ
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Table - 3 : Salient features of the
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eing 6.08, pH value of AB 3 and AB
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Table 2 : Tolerance limit for metal
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CASE STUDY The Salem Municipality i
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After analyzing the characteristic
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1. Ash Pond water recycling System
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Poly Electrolyte Dosing RAIN WATER
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Canteen Waste Garbo-drain Bar Scree
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SERVICE WATER FOR SPAYING COAL CRUS
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In coastal areas of Gujarat, the vi
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Water diversion Channel The work fo
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04. Natural Water harvesting at Sol
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Work Done Storage No. of Area No. o
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Conclusions The process of rainwate
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Infact, these are ‘lessons’ tha
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we get our act together and make wa
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and weathering also control the wat
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One relatively easy means of storin
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Ground Water Conservation Technique
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anging from 37-60% of recommended d
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given priority before implementatio
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was having potential to irrigate 15
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Page 159 and 160: INTRODUCTION Indian water sector is
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