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will contribute to its overall development and will ensure healthy life of the rivers in Bangladesh. Lessons learned may be transferred to other part of East and Southeast Asia with local adjustment. Other Areas Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) undertook development, maintenance and management of small scale water resources schemes up to command area of 1000 hectare (ha) or less. LGED implemented 280 against target of 300 subprojects under the first small scale water resources development sector project (SSWRDSP) during1995-2002. The completed 280 subprojects are covering 165,000 ha of cultivated land that benefit about 142,000 farm families (SSWRD update of June 2005, LGED). In the second small scale water resources development sector project (SSWRDSP), LGED targets to implement 300 subprojects during 2002 to 2009 for providing benefit of sustainable water management to about 180, 000 ha of cultivated land and to about 280,000 farm families. The second SSWRDSP activities are grouped under broad heads; (i) mobilization of beneficiary participation, (ii) community based infrastructure development, (iii) water resources oriented support programs, (iv) monitoring and quality control, and (v) institutional strengthening of small-scale water resources sector. Water resources oriented support programs are based on the principles of water harvesting for all over Bangladesh through beneficiary participation and institutional development for sustainable use of the infrastructures. Compartmentalization of Rivers, Water Conservation and Opportunities for its Multiple Uses Rivers especially smaller rivers can be compartmentalized to series of seasonal ponds during November to May through appropriate water conservation structures like weirs and rubber dams. Bangladesh has river area of 12,790 square km (WARPO 2000) of which about 1890 square km have width between 25 to 100 meter. These narrow rivers can be converted to temporary water reservoirs with rubber dam or any other suitable water conservation structures and will provide additional water body of about 189,000 ha. Water 482 conservation in the narrow rivers and irrigation and drainage canals especially during the lean period (November to May) will provide opportunities for storing water over additional area of about 192,000 (189,000 + 2000 + 800) ha. With about one meter depth, these water bodies can be used for fish cultivation in addition to their normal use. Water conservation structures on the rivers and irrigation and drainage canals will also help in conserving water in the adjacent low lying areas (beels). This will further assist in increasing total water storage capacity of the country. These water bodies, which are not existing, at least in planned way can contribute to groundwater recharge, development of additional irrigation facilities during the dry season and will also contribute to better environment. Fisheries experts confirmed that these seasonal ponds could be brought under profitable fish cultivation program through stakeholder participation and on an average, 0.5 to 1.0 ton fish can be harvested per hectare of water body. Moreover, water stored in the seasonal ponds/ riverbeds will be a continuous source for groundwater recharge, which subsequently can be used for irrigation using deep and shallow tubewells without severe lowering of groundwater table. Success of this approach in any river may be replicated in other area of the country, which will contribute to its overall development. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Post monsoon river water can be stored to full supply level through appropriate water conservation structures in river basins. This will make the rivers healthy, otherwise most of the rivers will remain dead during later part of the dry season, February to May. Water stored to the full supply level at the end of the monsoon (end of October or early November) will last till beginning of the following monsoon and will conserve water for subsequent use. Beels connected to rivers will have adequate water during the dry season. These water bodies will facilitate recharge of groundwater even during the dry season and lowering of water table beyond suction limit during later part of the dry season may not occur. Irrigation facilities using stored surface water will expand and groundwater based irrigation will be more cost effective as pumping depth will be reduced. Additional water bodies will also
contribute to increased fish production, improved environment and supporting sustainable afforestation along river banks and FCDI infrastructures. Additional fish production, trees and vegetation will provide job opportunities and added income to the stakeholders and will contribute to improved livelihood and poverty reduction in the river basins. Rain water stored in the existing and excavated ponds and even low areas in the rice fields in a planned way will assist in overcoming affects of short duration drought by using water resources for supplemental irrigation. REFERENCES 1. Abedin, D. S. S and Alam, A, F. M., 2000. Chalan Beel Project: Problems and Prospects. Paper presented in the workshop on Chalan Beel Area Development on April 6, 2002 at Natore Zila Council Hall, Natore. Bangladesh Water Development Board, WAPDA Building, Motijheel C/A, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 2. Bangladesh Engineering and Technical Services (BETS) and House of Consultants Limited (HCL), 1997. Feasibility Study of Baral Basin Development Project, Final Report. Bangladesh Water Development Board, WAPDA Building, Motijheel C/A, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 3. Flood Plan Coordination Organization (FPCO), 1995. Bangladesh Water and Flood Management Strategy. Ministry of Water Resources, Bangladesh Secretariat, Dhaka. 4. Master Plan Organization (MPO), 1991. National Water Plan Project Phase II. Ministry of Water Resources, Bangladesh Secretariat, Dhaka. 5. Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), 2005. Minor Irrigation Survey Report 2004-2005. Bangladesh Secretariat, Dhaka. 6. UNDP & FAO, 1988. Land Resources Appraisal of Bangladesh for Agricultural Development. Report 2, Agro-Ecological Regions of Bangladesh. Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh Secretariat, Dhaka. 7. Water Resources Planning Organization (WARPO), 2000. Technical Paper No. 7: Land and Water Resources. Saimon Centre, House No. 4A, Road No. 22, Gulshan – 1, Dhaka 1212. Table 1 : Present and Projected Regional Distribution of Net Cultivated Area (NCA) and Irrigated Area in Million Hectares (Mha) Region Total 1994 2025 Irrigated Area* Area NCA NCA 2000 2025 Maximum Dev. (Mha) (Mha) (Mha) Area (Mha) % Area % Area % NE 2.01 1.16 1.14 0.48 41 0.91 80 1.08 95 NC 1.60 1.06 0.99 0.55 52 0.89 90 0.98 99 NW 3.16 2.30 2.23 1.47 64 2.12 95 2.21 99 SW 2.43 1.28 1.24 0.59 46 0.99 80 1.19 96 SC 1.25 0.82 0.80 0.12 15 0.56 70 0.76 95 SE 1.01 0.68 0.65 0.32 48 0.58 90 0.62 96 RE 0.59 0.33 0.31 0.13 37 0.27 80 0.32 95 EH 1.93 0.34 0.33 0.11 33 0.23 75 0.29 95 TOTAL 13.98 7.97 7.69 3.77 47 6.55 7.45 Note : Total irrigated area as of 2004-2005 was 4.8 ha (MOA), but distribution by Region is not elaborated. * Irrigated area is estimated based on water availability during November to May period of the respective time. NE=Northeast, NC=North Central, NW=Northwest, SW=Southwest, SC=South Central, SE=Southeast, RE=Rivers and Estuaries, EH=Eastern Hills. Source: Technical Paper No. 7: Land and Water Resources, Water Resources Planning Organization (WARPO), June 2000. WARPO could not update it as there is no funding support for such work (personal communication with WARPO management). 483
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National Seminar on Rainwater Harve
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once subsoil water starts draining
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The plantation process starts with
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DOLASANE , SANGAMNER RANGE I, SANGA
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Table 1. Present land use of waters
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the determination of specification
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Hydrological Parameters (mm) 140 12
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Drainage Engineering, 129(3): 184-1
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March to July, 2004 in the field si
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mm in 4 lph drip followed by 755.25
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Table 3 : Seasonal water use (mm) i
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pinnata) Aquatic plants are represe
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the base of the trench to assist dr
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SUDS (Sustainable Drainage Systems)
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Figure 3 : Cascade model of constru
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H eff = H R - H aq - H f ……..
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• Layers of gravel/media laid hor
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1.3 % annually, and the total energ
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Figure 1a. Schematic diagram of sol
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Figure 5. Cross-section of partitio
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Fig. 1 (a) - (d) : Water Level Soun
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farms and industries hope to get ad
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Geology of Area The area is a part
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ground water recharge, which includ
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Table - 3 : Salient features of the
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eing 6.08, pH value of AB 3 and AB
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Table 2 : Tolerance limit for metal
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CASE STUDY The Salem Municipality i
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After analyzing the characteristic
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1. Ash Pond water recycling System
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Poly Electrolyte Dosing RAIN WATER
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Canteen Waste Garbo-drain Bar Scree
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SERVICE WATER FOR SPAYING COAL CRUS
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In coastal areas of Gujarat, the vi
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Water diversion Channel The work fo
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04. Natural Water harvesting at Sol
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Work Done Storage No. of Area No. o
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Conclusions The process of rainwate
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Infact, these are ‘lessons’ tha
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we get our act together and make wa
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